Polož tašku na židli vedle dveří.

Polož is the informal singular imperative of položit.

• položit = to put / to place / to lay down
• polož! = put! / place!

It is used when speaking to one person you address as ty.

This verb is also perfective, so it focuses on the action as a single completed act: put it down / place it.

Because taška is the direct object of the verb, so it has to be in the accusative case.

• nominative: taška
• accusative: tašku

So:

• taška = bag as the subject
• polož tašku = put the bag

This is a very common pattern in Czech: the thing being acted on usually goes into the accusative.

Here, židli is functioning as the accusative singular after na, because the sentence expresses movement onto a surface.

• na židli here means onto the chair
• after verbs of placing or movement, na often takes the accusative

Examples:

• Sedí na židli. = He/she is sitting on the chair.
  -> location, so locative
• Polož to na židli. = Put it on the chair.
  -> movement/placement, so accusative

A tricky point: for židle, the accusative singular and locative singular both happen to be židli, so the form looks the same even though the grammar is different.

Because na is the normal preposition for placing something on a surface.

So:

• na stůl = onto the table
• na židli = onto the chair

If Czech wanted to say something like into an enclosed space, it would usually use a different preposition, such as do.

So na židli is exactly what you would expect for on the chair.

Because vedle takes the genitive case.

So after vedle (next to / beside), the following noun must be in the genitive:

• vedle stolu = next to the table
• vedle domu = next to the house
• vedle dveří = next to the door / doors

So the important grammar point is:

• vedle
  • genitive

Because dveře is a plural-only noun in Czech.

That means Czech normally treats door as grammatically plural:

• nominative: dveře
• genitive: dveří

So even when English says the door, Czech often uses this plural form:

• u dveří = by the door
• vedle dveří = next to the door

This is completely normal Czech usage, even though it feels strange to English speakers at first.

Because Czech usually omits the subject pronoun when it is already clear from the verb form.

In polož, the imperative ending already tells you that the speaker is talking to one person informally.

So:

• Polož tašku... = Put the bag...
• Ty polož tašku... would be possible, but ty is usually added only for emphasis, contrast, or emotion

In normal instructions, Czech usually leaves ty out.

Yes. Polož is for one person informally.

If you want to speak:

• formally to one person, or
• to more than one person

you use položte:

• Položte tašku na židli vedle dveří.

So:

• polož = informal singular
• položte = formal singular or plural

Czech has several verbs that can translate as put, but they are not always identical.

• položit / polož = to place / lay down / put down
• dát / dej = very common general to give / to put

In many everyday situations, dej tašku na židli could also be understood and may sound natural in conversation.

But polož is a bit more specifically about placing something down. It sounds very suitable in an instruction like this.

So the difference is not huge here, but polož is slightly more precise.

It makes the command focus on the action as one completed result.

• položit = perfective
• imperative polož = put it down / place it as a completed action

If you used an imperfective verb instead, it would sound different in nuance, often more like repeated action, process, or a different style of instruction.

For a simple one-time command like this, perfective is very natural.

The basic structure is:

• Polož = verb
• tašku = direct object
• na židli = where to put it
• vedle dveří = which chair / where that chair is

So vedle dveří most naturally describes židli:

• the chair next to the door

That gives:

• Put the bag on the chair next to the door.

This word order is very natural and straightforward in Czech.

Yes, Czech word order is fairly flexible, but different orders can change emphasis or sound more or less natural.

The given version:

• Polož tašku na židli vedle dveří.

is a very normal neutral instruction.

You might rearrange things in some contexts, but not every version sounds equally natural. Czech often keeps the sentence in an order that moves from:

1. the action,
2. the object,
3. the destination/location.

So this sentence is a good standard model to learn from.

A rough English-friendly guide:

• židli ≈ ZHID-lee
• dveří ≈ DVE-rzhee

A few key points:

• ž sounds like the s in measure
• ř is the famous Czech sound; learners often approximate it as something like rzh
• stress in Czech is usually on the first syllable:
  • PO-lož
  • TAš-ku
  • NA žid-li
  • VED-le dve-ří

You do not need perfect ř right away; an approximation is normal for learners.