Prosím vás, bolí mě zub a mám teplotu; může se dnes na mě zubařka podívat?

It is a polite attention-getter. In this sentence, Prosím vás is something like:

• Excuse me
• Please
• Listen / I’d like to ask

It does not always translate as a simple English please. In real conversation, it often helps you sound polite when starting a request or explanation.

Because vás is the object form of vy.

• vy = you as the subject
• vás = you as the object

The verb prosit takes an object, so prosím vás is literally something like I ask you or I request of you.

Also, vás can mean:

• you plural
• you polite singular

So here it could be addressed to one receptionist politely, or to more than one person.

Czech often leaves out subject pronouns when they are obvious from the verb form.

For example:

• mám already means I have
• může shows can / may
• the rest of the sentence makes the subject clear

So Czech often sounds more natural without já unless you want contrast or emphasis.

This is a very common Czech pattern.

• bolí = hurts / is hurting
• mě = me
• zub = tooth

So the structure is literally closer to A tooth hurts me than to I hurt a tooth.

In Czech, body pain is often expressed this way:

• Bolí mě hlava = My head hurts
• Bolí mě záda = My back hurts
• Bolí mě zub = My tooth hurts / I have toothache

This is one of those places where Czech and English organize the sentence differently.

• zub is nominative singular
• mě is accusative

That is because zub is the grammatical subject of bolí, and mě is the person affected.

So Czech grammar sees it as:

• the tooth = the thing doing the hurting
• me = the person experiencing the pain

There are two reasons.

1. Czech has no articles, so there is no word like a or the.
2. With body parts, Czech often does not use a possessive if ownership is obvious.

So bolí mě zub naturally means my tooth hurts, because mě already tells you whose tooth it is.

You can say můj zub, but that usually adds emphasis, contrast, or special focus.

Yes, but idiomatically it means I have a fever / raised temperature.

In English, everybody technically has a temperature, so the literal translation sounds odd. In Czech, however, mít teplotu is a normal way to say that your temperature is abnormally high.

You may also hear:

• Mám horečku = I have a fever

Very roughly:

• teplota can sound a bit broader or milder
• horečka often sounds more clearly like fever

Because mít takes a direct object in the accusative.

• dictionary form: teplota
• accusative singular: teplotu

So:

• mám teplotu
• má teplotu
• nemám teplotu

This is a normal feminine noun pattern.

Podívat se means to look, to have a look, or in this context to take a look / examine.

The se is part of the verb. It is a reflexive element, but here it does not literally mean the dentist is looking at herself. Many Czech verbs simply require se as part of their normal form.

So you should learn it as a unit:

• podívat se na něco / někoho = to look at something / someone

In this medical sentence, it means something like:

• Could the dentist take a look at me today?
• Could the dentist see me today?

Because podívat se normally goes with na + accusative.

Examples:

• podívat se na film = to watch / look at a film
• podívat se na dítě = to look at the child
• podívat se na mě = to look at me

In medical Czech, podívat se na mě often means check me or examine me, not just literally look at me with the eyes.

Zubařka is specifically a female dentist.

• zubař = male dentist
• zubařka = female dentist

So the speaker either knows the dentist is a woman or is referring to their usual female dentist.

You may also hear more formal words:

• zubní lékař = dentist, dental doctor
• zubní lékařka = female dentist, dental doctor

It is polite enough in many real situations, especially because the sentence begins with Prosím vás.

But Czech can make it softer with the conditional:

• Mohla by se na mě dnes zubařka podívat? = Could the dentist look at me today?
• Nemohla by se na mě dnes zubařka podívat? = Couldn’t the dentist look at me today?

Those versions sound more tentative and polite, similar to English Could she possibly see me today?

Czech does not use do/does to form yes-no questions the way English does.

A yes-no question is often formed by:

• intonation
• and very often by putting the finite verb near the beginning

So:

• Může se dnes na mě zubařka podívat?

is a natural question.

The word order is fairly flexible, and you might also hear:

• Může se na mě dnes zubařka podívat?

Both are possible. Moving words around changes emphasis more than basic meaning. In this sentence, the given order sounds natural and neutral.