في عطلة نهاية الاسبوع أذهب إلى المقهى مع صديقي وأقرأ صحيفة.

Literally, it breaks down like this:

• عطلة = vacation, break, holiday
• نهاية = end
• الأسبوع = the week

So عطلة نهاية الأسبوع literally means the break of the end of the week, which is the normal MSA way to say the weekend.

Arabic often uses في for time expressions where English may use in, on, or at.

So:

• في الصباح = in the morning
• في يوم الجمعة = on Friday
• في عطلة نهاية الأسبوع = on/during the weekend

A more literal translation is during the weekend, but in natural English we usually say on the weekend or at the weekend.

Arabic word order is flexible. Starting with the time phrase is very natural and gives it emphasis, like:

As for the weekend, I go to the café...

So this structure highlights when the action happens.

You could also say:

أذهب إلى المقهى مع صديقي وأقرأ صحيفة في عطلة نهاية الأسبوع

but the original version sounds very natural and common.

Because the verb already shows the subject.

• أذهب = I go
• أقرأ = I read

The prefix أـ on present-tense verbs marks first person singular.

So Arabic usually does not need أنا unless you want emphasis or contrast:

• أنا أذهب... = I go... / As for me, I go...

Without emphasis, just أذهب is enough.

In this sentence, it most naturally means a habitual action:

• I go
• I usually go

Because of the time phrase في عطلة نهاية الأسبوع, the meaning is clearly about something that happens regularly on weekends.

Arabic present tense can cover several ideas that English separates:

• simple present: I go
• habitual: I usually go
• present continuous in some contexts: I am going

Here, the context makes it habitual.

إلى means to, and it marks the destination.

• أذهب إلى المقهى = I go to the café

This is just like English go to.

So:

• أذهب إلى البيت = I go to the house/home
• أذهب إلى المدرسة = I go to school

This is the difference between definite and indefinite nouns.

• المقهى = the café
• صحيفة = a newspaper

So the sentence means that the speaker goes to the café, probably a specific or familiar one, but reads a newspaper, not necessarily a particular newspaper.

If you changed them, the meaning would change:

• إلى مقهى = to a café
• أقرأ الصحيفة = I read the newspaper

It is made from:

• صديق = friend
• ـي = my

So:

• صديقي = my friend

This attached ـي is a possessive suffix. Arabic often expresses possession by attaching a pronoun directly to the noun.

Other examples:

• كتابي = my book
• بيتي = my house
• أخي = my brother

In the sentence:

• مع صديقي = with my friend

Because و is the conjunction and, and in Arabic it is written attached to the following word.

So:

• وأقرأ = و + أقرأ
• meaning: and I read

This is completely normal in Arabic writing. Many short particles attach directly to the next word, including:

• و = and
• ب = with/by
• ل = for/to
• ال = the

Yes, in full formal grammar there are case endings, but they are usually not written in normal Arabic text.

A fully vowelled version would look something like:

في عُطْلَةِ نِهايَةِ الأُسْبوعِ أَذْهَبُ إِلى المَقْهى مَعَ صَديقي وَأَقْرَأُ صَحيفَةً

A few things to notice:

• أذهبُ ends in ـُ in full vocalization
• أقرأُ also ends in ـُ
• صحيفةً has tanwīn because it is indefinite

But in everyday printed Arabic, these short vowels are usually omitted, so learners mostly read:

في عطلة نهاية الأسبوع أذهب إلى المقهى مع صديقي وأقرأ صحيفة

In standard spelling, it should be:

الأسبوع

with a hamza on the alif.

So the most standard version of the full sentence is:

في عطلة نهاية الأسبوع أذهب إلى المقهى مع صديقي وأقرأ صحيفة.

You may still see الاسبوع without the hamza in informal writing, especially online, but الأسبوع is the correct formal spelling.

Yes. That is a good translation.

Depending on dialect of English, you could also say:

• On the weekend, I go to the café with my friend and read a newspaper.
• At the weekend, I go to the café with my friend and read a newspaper.
• On weekends, I go to the café with my friend and read a newspaper.

The last version often sounds most natural if you want to show this is a regular habit.