ماما عزمت صحابها على العشا، والضيوف جم بدري والاكل خلص.

Because عزمت is the past tense, feminine singular form of the verb.

Here, the subject is ماما (mom), which is treated as feminine, so the verb takes the feminine ending -ت.

• عزم = he invited
• عزمت = she invited

So ماما عزمت means Mom invited.

In Egyptian Arabic, عزم / يعزم often means:

• to invite
• especially to invite someone for food
• and sometimes to treat someone to a meal

So عزمت صحابها على العشا means that she invited her friends for dinner, not just invited them in a general sense.

صحابها breaks down like this:

• صحاب = friends
• -ها = her

So صحابها literally means her friends.

A useful thing to notice is that Egyptian Arabic often attaches pronouns directly to nouns:

• صحابي = my friends
• صحابك = your friends
• صحابها = her friends

Also, صحاب is a very common Egyptian colloquial word. In Modern Standard Arabic, learners often know أصدقاء, but in everyday Egyptian, صحاب is much more natural.

Because in Egyptian Arabic, the expression يعزم على is the normal way to say invite someone to a meal.

So:

• عزمتهم على الغدا = she invited them for lunch
• عزمتهم على العشا = she invited them for dinner

This does not mean on the dinner literally in English. It is just the preposition used in this Arabic expression.

Yes, basically. العشا is the Egyptian Arabic colloquial form of العشاء.

Both mean dinner / supper, but:

• العشاء is more formal / Standard Arabic
• العشا is the normal Egyptian everyday form

This kind of shortening is very common in spoken Arabic.

جم means they came.

It is the Egyptian Arabic past plural form of to come.

So:

• جه = he came
• جت = she came
• جم = they came

A pronunciation note: in Egyptian Arabic, the letter ج is usually pronounced like g in go, so جم is pronounced roughly like gom or gum, depending on accent and transcription style.

Because this sentence is in Egyptian Arabic, not Modern Standard Arabic.

A learner who knows MSA might expect something like جاءوا for they came, but Egyptian uses the colloquial form جم.

This is a very common difference between spoken Egyptian and MSA:

• MSA often has longer, more complex verb forms
• Egyptian usually has shorter everyday forms

So جم is exactly what you would expect in natural Egyptian speech.

بدري means early.

So الضيوف جم بدري means the guests came early.

It is a very common colloquial word in Egyptian Arabic. You will hear it a lot in everyday conversation.

For example:

• صحيت بدري = I woke up early
• وصلوا بدري = they arrived early

Yes, most likely they are the same people, but the sentence is viewing them in two different ways:

• صحابها = her friends
• الضيوف = the guests

So first the sentence identifies who they are to her: her friends.
Then it describes their role in the situation: the guests.

This is very natural. In English we do the same thing:

• Mom invited her friends. The guests arrived early.

Here خلص means finished, ran out, or was gone.

So الاكل خلص means:

• the food was finished
• or more naturally, the food ran out

In Egyptian Arabic, خلص is a very common verb with several related meanings, such as:

• to finish
• to be over
• to run out

The exact English translation depends on context.

Because الأكل / الاكل means food as a mass noun, like food in English.

Even though food can refer to many dishes, Arabic often treats it as a singular collective idea here.

So:

• الاكل خلص = the food ran out

That is similar to English, where we also usually say the food is gone, not the foods are gone, unless we are talking about different food types very specifically.

Each و means and.

In this sentence:

• ماما عزمت صحابها على العشا
• والضيوف جم بدري
• والاكل خلص

So the sentence is linking three events together:

1. Mom invited her friends for dinner
2. the guests came early
3. the food ran out

Arabic often uses و very freely to chain events together, more often than English sometimes does.

Because ال is the Arabic definite article, meaning the.

So:

• ضيوف = guests
• الضيوف = the guests

and

• اكل = food
• الاكل = the food

In this sentence, both are specific:

• the specific guests who were invited
• the specific food prepared for the dinner

That is very common in informal Arabic writing, especially when writing dialect.

In careful Standard Arabic spelling, you would often see الأكل.
In everyday colloquial writing, people frequently simplify it to الاكل.

The same kind of thing happens with other dialect spellings too. Informal Egyptian writing often reflects speech more than formal spelling rules.

A more formal version would use different vocabulary and verb forms. For example, something like:

• دعت الأم أصدقاءها إلى العشاء، وجاء الضيوف مبكرًا ونفد الطعام.

Some key differences:

• ماما → الأم
• عزمت → دعت
• صحابها → أصدقاءها
• على العشا → إلى العشاء
• جم → جاء
• بدري → مبكرًا
• الاكل خلص → نفد الطعام

But the original sentence sounds much more natural for everyday Egyptian speech.

Yes. This is very natural Egyptian Arabic word order.

The sentence starts with the subject ماما, then the verb عزمت, then the object صحابها:

• ماما عزمت صحابها

That is a common spoken pattern in Egyptian Arabic: subject + verb + object.

In more formal Arabic, you often see verb + subject more often, but in spoken Egyptian, starting with the subject is extremely common and natural.