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In this lesson, you will discuss physical fitness, exercise routines, and warming up at the gym. You will also continue learning the past participle singular, focusing on Verb Types 3, 4, and 5.

Remember that the past participle is used in both the **perfect tense** (paired with the helper verb *olla*) and the **negative past tense** (paired with the negative verb *ei*).

### Verb Type 3: Consonant Assimilation

For Verb Type 3 (verbs ending in **-lla/-llä**, **-nna/-nnä**, **-rra/-rrä**, or **-sta/-stä**), drop the final two letters from the dictionary form to find the stem. When you add the past participle ending (**-nut** or **-nyt**), the *n* assimilates to match the final consonant of the stem (*l*, *n*, *r*, or *s*). This results in a double consonant: **-llut/-llyt**, **-nnut/-nnyt**, **-rrut/-rryt**, or **-ssut/-ssyt**.

| Dictionary Form | Stem | Past Participle |
| --- | --- | --- |
| *kuntoilla* (to exercise) | *kuntoil-* | *kuntoillut* |
| *venytellä* (to stretch) | *venytel-* | *venytellyt* |
| *juosta* (to run) | *juos-* | *juossut* |

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### Verb Types 4 and 5: Drop -ta / -tä + -nnut / -nnyt

For Verb Types 4 (verbs ending in **-ata**, **-ota**, **-uta**, etc.) and 5 (verbs ending in **-ita** / **-itä**), the rule is straightforward. Drop the final **-ta** or **-tä** from the dictionary form, and add **-nnut** or **-nnyt** directly to the remaining stem.

| Dictionary Form | Stem | Past Participle |
| --- | --- | --- |
| *treenata* (to work out) | *treena-* | *treenannut* |
| *haluta* (to want) | *halu-* | *halunnut* |
| *tarvita* (to need) | *tarvi-* | *tarvinnut* |
| *valita* (to choose) | *vali-* | *valinnut* |

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### Gym and Fitness Vocabulary

Now you can combine these new participle forms with vocabulary for the gym, muscles, and workouts to talk about your exercise routine and results.

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Past participle singular for verb types 3-5 (-nnut, -llut)

adjective

adposition

adverb

conjunction

determiner

interjection

noun

numeral

particle

postposition

preposition

pronoun

sentence

verb

Demonstrative pronouns (tämä, tuo, se)

Singular personal pronouns (minä, sinä, hän)

Plural personal pronouns (me, te, he)

Plural demonstratives (nämä, nuo, ne)

Coordinating conjunctions (ja, mutta, tai)

Yes/no questions (-ko / -kö)

Basic question words (kuka, mikä, missä)

Negation of to be (en ole, ei ole)

The inessive case (-ssa / -ssä)

Double consonant gradation (kk, pp, tt)

Consonant gradation (-ssa/-ssä)

Verb Type 1 (puhun, puhut, puhuu)

Verb Type 1 with consonant gradation

Negative verbs (en puhu, et lue)

External location (-lla/-llä)

There is / there are (kaupungissa on)

Possession (minulla on)

Numbers 1 to 10 (yksi, kaksi, kolme)

The partitive singular (-a/-ä, -ta/-tä)

Quantities with numbers (kaksi autoa)

Negative possession (ei ole)

Numbers 11 to 100 and 1000

Partitive verbs

Partitive personal pronouns (minua, sinua)

Verb Type 2 (-da/-dä)

Partitive for mass nouns (-a/-ä, -ta/-tä)

Partitive for negative objects

Adjective agreement

Verb Type 3

The elative case (-sta/-stä)

Negative possession (minulla ei ole…)

The illative case (-Vn, -hVn, -seen)

Numbers 21 to 99

Static vs. movement verbs

Verb Type 4 (-Vta / -Vtä)

Verb Type 5 (-ita / -itä)

Genitive singular for possession (-n)

Total object (-n)

Accusative personal pronouns (-t)

Obligation (täytyy)

Into places (-Vn, -hVn, -seen)

Postpositions with the genitive

My and your (-ni, -si)

Onto and to someone (-lle)

From someone or somewhere (-lta, -ltä)

Telling time (kello on...)

Months of the year (-ssa, -ssä)

Days of the week (-na, -nä)

When and why (milloin, miksi)

The illative case (mihin, -Vn, -hVn, -seen)

Past tense of to be (olin, olit, oli)

The seasons (kevät, kesä, syksy, talvi)

The imperative mood (lue!, syö!, mene!)

The past tense of to be (olin, oli)

The illative case (-hVn, -seen)

Greetings and goodbyes (hei, näkemiin)

Thank you and sorry (kiitos, anteeksi)

Liking things (pitää / tykätä + -sta/-stä)

Temporary states and roles (-na/-nä)

Change of state (-ksi)

Ongoing actions (-massa/-mässä)

Going to do an action (-maan/-mään)

Returning from an action (-masta/-mästä)

Third-person possessives (-nsa/-nsä or -Vn)

Plural possessives (-mme, -nne)

Indefinite pronouns (joku, jokin, kaikki)

Negative indefinite pronouns (ei kukaan, ei mikään)

Commands for verb types 4 and 5

Adverb formation (-sti)

Past tense for verb type 1 (-i-)

Past tense vowel changes for verb type 1 (-o- / -i-)

Past tense for verb type 2 (-i-)

Past tense for verb type 3 (-i-)

Past tense for verb type 4 (-si-)

Past tense for verb type 5 (-itsi-)

Past tense consonant gradation

Past participles for verb types 1 and 2 (-nut / -nyt)

Active past participle plural (-neet)

Past tense negative (en mennyt, emme olleet)

The perfect tense (olen ollut)

The perfect tense negative (en ole nähnyt)

Total plural objects (-t)

Partitive plural (-ia / -iä)

Partitive plural (-ja / -jä)

Partitive plural (-ita / -itä)

Question	Answer
instructor / director	ohjaaja
to warm up	lämmitellä
The instructor did not warm up today.	Ohjaaja ei lämmitellyt tänään.
to stretch	venytellä
muscle	lihas
I didn't stretch yesterday, and now the muscle is sore.	En venytellyt eilen, ja nyt lihas on kipeä.
to exercise	kuntoilla
He didn't exercise outside, because the weather was bad.	Hän ei kuntoillut ulkona, koska sää oli huono.
sweat	hiki
The instructor has warmed up, and he is sweaty.	Ohjaaja on lämmitellyt, ja hänellä on hiki.
movement	liike
I didn't need help, because this move is easy.	En tarvinnut apua, koska tämä liike on helppo.
weight	paino
He did not want to use a big weight.	Hän ei halunnut käyttää isoa painoa.
fitness	kunto
His fitness is good, because he has worked out a lot.	Hänen kuntonsa on hyvä, koska hän on treenannut paljon.
The instructor asked why I didn't stretch.	Ohjaaja kysyi, miksi en venytellyt.
The boy has exercised a lot, and he is sweaty.	Poika on kuntoillut paljon, ja hänellä on hiki.
Why didn't you choose a big weight?	Miksi et valinnut isoa painoa?
result	tulos
He has worked out well, and the result is good.	Hän on treenannut hyvin, ja tulos on hyvä.
The man didn't run today, because the muscle is sore.	Mies ei juossut tänään, koska lihas on kipeä.
The child did not play football, because he did not warm up.	Lapsi ei pelannut jalkapalloa, koska hän ei lämmitellyt.
The instructor did not bother me at the gym.	Ohjaaja ei häirinnyt minua kuntosalilla.
I didn't cycle to the park, because I am sweaty.	En pyöräillyt puistoon, koska minulla on hiki.
I didn't need a new move, because the result was good.	En tarvinnut uutta liikettä, koska tulos oli hyvä.
He didn't cycle into the forest, because his fitness is bad.	Hän ei pyöräillyt metsään, koska hänen kuntonsa on huono.