Question 1

Why is the verb translated as "includes" when the Farsi sentence ends with ast (is)?

Accepted Answer

In Farsi, the concept of "including" or "comprising" is frequently expressed using the structure shâmel-e ... budan (literally "to be including of"). Here, shâmel acts as an active prepositional predicate rather than a typical verb. Therefore, shâmel-e yek kârmozd ast literally translates to "is including of a fee," which we express in natural English simply as "includes a fee."

Question 2

Do I need to pronounce an ezâfe after shâmel here, even though it isn't written?

Accepted Answer

Yes, you must pronounce it as shâmel-e. When shâmel is used in this structure alongside a "to be" verb like ast, it always takes an ezâfe to connect it directly to the noun or pronoun that is being included (in this case, yek kârmozd).

Question 3

Is qavânin a plural word, and if so, why doesn't it end in -hâ or -ân?

Accepted Answer

Yes, qavânin means "laws" or "rules." It is an Arabic "broken plural" of the singular Farsi word qânun (law). While you could theoretically say qânun-hâ, the broken plural qavânin is highly preferred and very common, especially in formal, legal, or official contexts like this sentence.

Question 4

What is the literal breakdown of the word kârmozd?

Accepted Answer

The word kârmozd (fee or commission) is a compound noun made up of kâr (work) and mozd (wage or pay). It literally translates to "work-wage," which perfectly describes a service fee or commission tied to a contract.

بر اساس قوانین، هر قرارداد شامل یک کارمزد است.

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