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### Past Participles as Adjectives

In Farsi, you can form a past participle by taking the past stem of a verb and adding **ه**. Just like in English, these bare past participles can be used as adjectives to describe a state resulting from a completed action.

For example, the past stem of **شکستن** (to break) is **شکست**. Add **ه** to get the adjective **شکسته** (broken).

Because it functions as a normal adjective, you connect it to the noun it modifies using the Ezafe.

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### Resultative Adjectives with شده

To emphasize the passive, completed state of an object, Farsi frequently uses the past participle of **شدن** (to become), which is **شده**. 

For compound verbs that use **کردن** (to do) or **شدن** (to become), simply attach **شده** to the first part of the verb. 

- **امضا کردن** (to sign) becomes **امضاشده** (signed).
- **باز کردن** (to open) becomes **بازشده** (opened).

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You will also frequently see **شده** attached to the past participle of simple verbs to strengthen their passive meaning. For instance, **نوشتن** (to write) becomes **نوشته‌شده** (written), and **له شدن** (to be crushed) becomes **له‌شده** (crushed).

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### Other Light Verbs

If a compound verb uses a different light verb, you simply use the past participle of that specific light verb to form your adjective. 

For instance, if a verb uses **دیدن** (to see / to experience), you use its past participle **دیده**.

- **آسیب دیدن** (to be damaged) becomes **آسیب‌دیده** (damaged).

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Resultative adjectives

adjective

adverb

conjunction

determiner

interjection

noun

numeral

particle

phrase

prefix

preposition

pronoun

sentence

suffix

verb

Singular pronouns and copula (man, -am)

Plural pronouns and copula (mâ, -im)

Subject pronoun omission

Singular demonstratives (in, ân)

Plural demonstratives (inhâ, ânhâ)

Independent copula (hastam, hast)

Negative present copula (nistam, nist)

Yes/No questions (âyâ)

Regular plurals (-hâ)

Animate plurals (-ân)

Indefiniteness (yek)

Indefinite marker (-i)

Describing nouns (-e / -ye)

Possession (-e / -ye)

Singular possessives (-am, -at, -ash)

Plural possessives (-emân, -etân, -eshân)

Basic prepositions (dar, be, az, bâ)

Spatial prepositions (ru-ye, zir-e...)

Numbers 1 to 10 (yek, do, se...)

Numbers and singular nouns

Numbers 11 to 20 (yâzdah, davâzdah...)

Counting by tens to 100

Telling time (sâ'at)

The verb to have (dâram)

Negative to have (nadâram)

Basic word order (SOV)

Infinitives and present stems (-an)

Present indicative (mi-)

Negative present indicative (nemi-)

Compound verbs

Question words (che, kojâ)

How many (chand)

The definite object marker (râ)

Object pronouns (man râ, to râ)

Singular commands (be-)

Formal and plural commands (be- ... -id)

Negative commands (na-)

The present subjunctive (be-)

The negative present subjunctive (na-)

Must (bâyad)

Might (shâyad)

Wanting to do something (khâstan)

Being able to do something (tavânestan)

Forming the past stem

The simple past of to be (budan)

The simple past tense

Negative simple past (na-)

Attached object pronouns on verbs (-am, -at, -ash)

Comparative adjectives (-tar)

Basic conjunctions (va, ammâ, yâ)

Giving reasons (chon)

Adverbs of frequency and degree (hamishe, hargez, kheyli, kam)

Everyday actions (kâr kardan, bâz kardan)

Non-human plural subjects

Indefinite pronouns (kasi, chizi, jâyi)

Negative indefinite pronouns (hich-kas, hich-chiz, hich-jâ)

Reciprocal pronouns (hamdigar, yekdigar)

Reflexive pronouns (khod-)

Reflexive direct objects (khod râ)

Emphatic pronouns (khod)

The quantifier every (har)

The quantifier all (hame)

The quantifier some (ba'zi)

Another and other (-i digar)

Which (kodâm)

How much (cheghadr)

Comparisons of equality (mesl-e)

Superlative adjectives (-tarin)

Irregular comparatives and superlatives

Ordinal numbers (-om)

Pre-nominal ordinal numbers (-omin)

Fractions and percentages

Prepositions of theme (dar mored-e)

Prepositions of time (ghabl az, ba'd az)

Preposition of exclusion (bedun-e)

Resultative conjunctions (banâbarin, pas)

Hortative construction (biyâ, biyâyid)

The present progressive tense (dâram mi-)

The past continuous tense (mi-)

Negative past continuous (ne-mi-)

Past continuous of to have (dâshtam)

The past progressive tense (dâshtam mi-)

The past participle (-e)

Present perfect tense (-e-am, -e-ast)

Negative present perfect (na-)

Question	Answer
shipment	محمولهmahmule
inspection	بازرسیbâzresi
I want to check the shipment before the inspection.	می‌خواهم محموله را قبل از بازرسی چک کنم.mikhâham mahmule râ qabl az bâzrasi chek konam.
warehouse keeper	انباردارanbârdâr
The warehouse keeper put the broken glasses in the box.	انباردار شیشه‌های شکسته را داخل جعبه گذاشت.anbârdâr shishe-hâye shekaste râ dâkhel-e ja'be gozâsht.
waybill	بارنامهbârnâme
Even if the written waybill is ready, the inspection takes time.	حتی اگر بارنامه‌ی نوشته‌شده آماده باشد، بازرسی طول می‌کشد.hattâ agar bârnâme-ye neveshte-shode âmâde bâshad, bâzresi tul mikeshad.
defect	نقصnaqs
Because of this defect, no one accepted the signed waybill.	به دلیل این نقص، هیچ‌کس بارنامه‌ی امضاشده را قبول نکرد.be dalil in naghs, hich-kas bârnâme-ye emzâ-shode râ ghabul nakard.
tear	پارگیpâregi
cover	روکشrukesh
The warehouse keeper was going to report the tear of the cover.	انباردار می‌خواست پارگی روکش را گزارش بدهد.anbârdâr mikhâst pâregi rukesh râ gozâresh bedahad.
insurer	بیمه‌گرbime-gar
The insurer never accepts the opened shipment.	بیمه‌گر هرگز محموله‌ی بازشده را قبول نمی‌کند.bime-gar hargez mahmule-ye bâz-shode râ ghabul nemikonad.
to return (goods)	مرجوع کردنmarju' kardan
We want to return this item because of the defect and the tear.	ما می‌خواهیم این کالا را به دلیل نقص و پارگی مرجوع کنیم.mâ mikhâhim in kâlâ râ be dalil-e naqs va pâregi marju' konim.
seal	مهر و مومmohr o mum
The insurer asked whether the damaged seal was found.	بیمه‌گر پرسید که آیا مهر و موم آسیب‌دیده پیدا شد.bime-gar porsid ke âyâ mohr o mum-e âsib-dide peydâ shod.
to scratch	خراشیدنkharâshidan
Even if the scratched cover is clean, we will return it.	حتی اگر روکش خراشیده تمیز باشد، آن را مرجوع می‌کنیم.hattâ agar rukesh kharâshide tamiz bâshad, ân râ marju' mikonim.
to be crushed	له شدنle shodan
The receiver was going to write the number of the crushed boxes on the waybill.	گیرنده می‌خواست تعداد جعبه‌های له‌شده را روی بارنامه بنویسد.girande mikhâst te'dâd ja'be-hâ-ye le-shode râ rooye bârnâme benevisad.
Nothing was found in the inspection except the crushed parts.	در بازرسی هیچ‌چیز به جز قطعات له‌شده پیدا نشد.dar bâzrasi hich-chiz be joz qat'ât le-shode peydâ nashod.
The insurer was going to check the broken seal.	بیمه‌گر می‌خواست مهر و موم شکسته را چک کند.bime-gar mikhâst mohr o mum-e shekaste râ chek konad.
The warehouse keeper returns the scratched shipment.	انباردار محموله‌ی خراشیده را مرجوع می‌کند.anbârdâr mahmule-ye kharâshide râ marju' mikonad.