Past Participles as Adjectives
In Farsi, you can form a past participle by taking the past stem of a verb and adding ه. Just like in English, these bare past participles can be used as adjectives to describe a state resulting from a completed action.
For example, the past stem of شکستن (to break) is شکست. Add ه to get the adjective شکسته (broken).
Because it functions as a normal adjective, you connect it to the noun it modifies using the Ezafe.
| The warehouse keeper put the broken glasses in the box. | انباردار شیشههای شکسته را داخل جعبه گذاشت.anbârdâr shishe-hâye shekaste râ dâkhel-e ja'be gozâsht. |
Resultative Adjectives with شده
To emphasize the passive, completed state of an object, Farsi frequently uses the past participle of شدن (to become), which is شده.
For compound verbs that use کردن (to do) or شدن (to become), simply attach شده to the first part of the verb.
- امضا کردن (to sign) becomes امضاشده (signed).
- باز کردن (to open) becomes بازشده (opened).
| Because of this defect, no one accepted the signed waybill. | به دلیل این نقص، هیچکس بارنامهی امضاشده را قبول نکرد.be dalil in naghs, hich-kas bârnâme-ye emzâ-shode râ ghabul nakard. |
| The insurer never accepts the opened shipment. | بیمهگر هرگز محمولهی بازشده را قبول نمیکند.bime-gar hargez mahmule-ye bâz-shode râ ghabul nemikonad. |
You will also frequently see شده attached to the past participle of simple verbs to strengthen their passive meaning. For instance, نوشتن (to write) becomes نوشتهشده (written), and له شدن (to be crushed) becomes لهشده (crushed).
| Even if the written waybill is ready, the inspection takes time. | حتی اگر بارنامهی نوشتهشده آماده باشد، بازرسی طول میکشد.hattâ agar bârnâme-ye neveshte-shode âmâde bâshad, bâzresi tul mikeshad. |
| The receiver was going to write the number of the crushed boxes on the waybill. | گیرنده میخواست تعداد جعبههای لهشده را روی بارنامه بنویسد.girande mikhâst te'dâd ja'be-hâ-ye le-shode râ rooye bârnâme benevisad. |
Other Light Verbs
If a compound verb uses a different light verb, you simply use the past participle of that specific light verb to form your adjective.
For instance, if a verb uses دیدن (to see / to experience), you use its past participle دیده.
- آسیب دیدن (to be damaged) becomes آسیبدیده (damaged).
| The insurer asked whether the damaged seal was found. | بیمهگر پرسید که آیا مهر و موم آسیبدیده پیدا شد.bime-gar porsid ke âyâ mohr o mum-e âsib-dide peydâ shod. |