Learn Dutch: Er staat een brandende lamp op het doek. - There is a burning lamp on the canvas.

Here, the present participle of branden (to burn) is acting as an adjective describing the lamp. Because lamp is a de-word, the adjective gets the standard -e ending. If it described a het-word with een, like een brandend vuur (a burning fire), it would not get the -e.

Why does the sentence use staat instead of is?

Dutch strongly prefers posture verbs (staan, liggen, zitten) over zijn (to be) to describe where a physical object is located. Because a lamp is upright and rests on a base, the Dutch say it staat (stands) on the canvas.

How does Er staat translate to "There is"?

Er is used here as a dummy subject to introduce an unspecified thing (een brandende lamp), much like "there" in "there is a lamp". When combined with the posture verb staan, Er staat literally means "There stands", which is the most natural Dutch equivalent for "There is" in this context.

Does doek always mean "canvas"?