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### Judging by the evidence

When you want to draw a conclusion based on external evidence, sensory input, or things you can directly observe, use the phrase **afgaande op** ("judging by" or "going by"). 

When you start a sentence with this participle phrase, it occupies the first position. The main clause that follows must undergo inversion, placing the verb immediately before the subject.

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### Starting from a premise

If you are instead building a deduction based on a hypothesis, an existing document, or a set of accepted facts, use **uitgaande van** ("assuming" or "based on"). This literally means "going out from" a starting premise. 

Just like *afgaande op*, starting your sentence with *uitgaande van* triggers inversion in the main clause.

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### Forming conclusions

Both of these expressions are useful when evaluating claims—whether you are investigating a haunted manor or testing a scientific theory. You will frequently pair them with verbs like **concluderen** (to conclude) or **verwerpen** (to reject) to establish what is plausible.

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Logical premise (uitgaande van, afgaande op)

adjective

adverb

conjunction

determiner

determiner/pronoun

interjection

noun

numeral

particle

preposition

pronoun

sentence

verb

Singular pronouns and 'to be' (ik ben, hij is)

The formal 'you' (u bent)

Definite articles (de, het)

Plural pronouns and 'to be' (wij zijn)

The verb 'to have' (hebben)

Basic word order

Numbers 1 to 10 (een, twee, drie)

Verb stems and the 'I' form (ik werk)

Long vowels in verb stems (maken, ik maak)

Short vowels in verb stems (zitten, ik zit)

Present tense singular (-t)

Present tense plural (-en)

Yes/no questions

Question words (wie, wat, waar)

Noun negation (geen)

Plural nouns (-en)

Plural nouns (-s)

Diminutives (-je)

Adjective modifiers (heel, erg, te)

Verb negation (niet)

Singular possessives (mijn, jouw, zijn, haar)

Plural and formal possessives (ons/onze, jullie, hun, uw)

This and these (deze, dit)

That and those (die, dat)

Asking which (welke, welk)

Numbers 11 to 20 (elf, twaalf, dertien...)

Tens and compound numbers (dertig, veertig...)

Ordinal numbers 1st to 10th (eerste, tweede...)

Telling time: hours and half hours (uur, half)

Telling time: quarters (kwart over, kwart voor)

Question words (hoeveel, waarom)

Irregular verbs (doen, gaan, staan, zien, komen)

Adjective endings (+e)

Adjectives with 'het' words

Prepositions of place (uit, bij)

Subject-verb inversion

Time before place

Modal verbs (willen, kunnen)

Modal verbs (moeten, mogen)

The verb bracket

Separable prefix verbs

The imperative mood (kom, luister)

Singular object pronouns (mij, jou, hem, haar)

Plural and formal object pronouns (ons, jullie, hen, u)

Reflexive verbs and pronouns (zich, me, je)

Position of negation (niet)

The present perfect tense with regular verbs (hebben gewerkt)

The present perfect tense with motion verbs (zijn gegaan)

Irregular past participles (gezien, gedaan)

The present continuous (zijn aan het)

There is / there are (er is, er zijn)

Unstressed there (er)

And, but, or (en, maar, of)

Because (want)

Months of the year

Prepositions of time (om, van ... tot)

Greetings and politeness

Conversational glue

Prepositions with days (op)

Prepositions with seasons (in)

Genitive of time ('s morgens, 's nachts)

Adverbs of frequency (altijd, vaak)

The future tense (gaan)

The future tense (zullen)

Separable verbs with auxiliary verbs

Apostrophe plurals ('-s)

Irregular plurals (-eren)

Complex diminutives (-pje, -etje, -kje)

Possessive 's (Jan's, vaders)

Indefinite pronouns (iets, niemand, alles)

Indefinite subject pronoun (je)

Reciprocal pronoun (elkaar)

Comparative adjectives (-er dan)

Comparatives with spelling change (-der)

Superlative adjectives (-st)

Irregular comparisons (beter, meer, minder)

Expressing preference (graag, liever, het liefst)

Equality comparisons (even ... als)

Fixed prepositions

That clauses (dat)

Because clauses (omdat)

If and when clauses (als)

Inversion after clauses

Separable verbs in clauses

Negation in clauses (niet)

Past tense of to be (was / waren)

Past tense of to have (had / hadden)

Question	Answer
judging by / based on	afgaande op
to observe (with the senses)	waarnemen
the manor	het landhuis
Judging by what we observe, the manor is completely safe.	Afgaande op wat we waarnemen, is het landhuis volkomen veilig.
assuming / based on (starting from a premise)	uitgaande van
the hypothesis	de hypothese
Assuming this hypothesis, we will observe nothing strange tonight.	Uitgaande van deze hypothese, zullen we vanavond niets vreemds waarnemen.
to haunt	rondspoken
Based on the diary, this old manor must be haunted.	Uitgaande van het dagboek, moet het in dit oude landhuis rondspoken.
the poltergeist	de klopgeest
Judging by the loud noises, a poltergeist might haunt this place.	Afgaande op de harde geluiden, kan een klopgeest hier rondspoken.
rational	rationeel
Judging by the evidence, we should have explained the poltergeist rationally.	Afgaande op het bewijs, hadden we de klopgeest rationeel moeten verklaren.
to conclude	concluderen
Assuming a rational point of view, we can conclude that it was an illusion.	Uitgaande van een rationeel standpunt, kunnen we concluderen dat het een illusie was.
plausible	aannemelijk
Judging by the damage, we can conclude that this theory is plausible.	Afgaande op de schade, kunnen we concluderen dat deze theorie aannemelijk is.
to reject (an idea, proposal, or theory)	verwerpen
Based on the facts, that story is plausible, although we reject the myth.	Uitgaande van de feiten, is dat verhaal aannemelijk, hoewel we de mythe verwerpen.
Judging by the new information, we reject the earlier hypothesis about the haunted house.	Afgaande op de nieuwe informatie, verwerpen we de eerdere hypothese over het spookhuis.
paranormal	paranormaal
Based on her research, this paranormal phenomenon is completely real.	Uitgaande van haar onderzoek, is dit paranormale fenomeen volkomen echt.
Judging by the cold wind, we could have expected a paranormal monster.	Afgaande op de koude wind, hadden we een paranormaal monster kunnen verwachten.
Based on the noise, it was a poltergeist, although we were unable to observe anyone.	Uitgaande van het lawaai, was het een klopgeest, hoewel we niemand hebben kunnen waarnemen.