Chinese (Mandarin)

Spanish

English

Hindi

Arabic (Modern Standard)

Portuguese

Bengali

Russian

Japanese

Punjabi

German

Javanese

Malay

Telugu

Vietnamese

Korean

French

Marathi

Tamil

Urdu

Turkish

Italian

Chinese, Yue / Cantonese

Thai

Gujarati

Chinese, Jin

Chinese, Min Nan

Dari

Farsi

Polish

Pashto

Kannada

Chinese, Xiang

Malayalam

Sundanese

Hausa

Odia

Burmese

Chinese, Hakka

Ukrainian

Bihari, Bhojpuri

Tagalog

Yoruba

Bihari, Maithili

Uzbek

Sindhi

Amharic

Fula

Romanian

Oromo

Igbo

Azerbaijani

Chinese, Gan

Dutch

Kurdish, Central

Kurdish, Northern

Kurdish, Southern

Malagasy

Lahnda, Saraiki

Nepali

Sinhalese

Chittagonian

Zhuang

Khmer

Turkmen

Assamese

Madurese

Somali

Marwari

Bihari, Magahi

Haryanvi

Hungarian

Chhattisgarhi

Greek

Chewa

Dakhini

Akan, Twi

Akan, Fante

Kazakh

Chinese, Min Bei

Sylheti

Zulu

Czech

Kinyarwanda

Marwari, Dhundhari

Haitian Creole

Chinese, Min Dong

Ilocano

Quechua

Kirundi

Swedish

Hmong

Shona

Uyghur

Hiligaynon

Mossi

Xhosa

Belarusian

Balochi

Croatian

### Active Past Participles as Adjectives

In Croatian, the active past participle—the form normally used to build the past tense (like **propao** or **zarasao**)—can often be used directly as an adjective. This describes the resulting state of a noun, similar to English adjectives ending in "-ed", "-en", or "-ing" (like "failed", "overgrown", or "remaining").

To turn a past participle into an attributive adjective, you first need its base stem. You can easily find this by taking the feminine form of the past participle (e.g., **propala**, **zarasla**) and dropping the final **-a** (giving you **propal-**, **zarasl-**).

Then, simply add the standard definite adjective endings. For masculine nouns in the nominative case, add **-i** (resulting in **propali** and **zarasli**).

{{item:1100039}}

{{item:1100042}}

{{item:1100046}}

### Expanding Your Vocabulary

This pattern applies to many verbs, smoothly turning completed actions into descriptive states. Notice how words like **odbjegao** (escaped) or **izumro** (extinct) transform into their masculine adjective forms using the exact same rule.

{{item:1100048}}

{{item:1100052}}

{{item:1100057}}

### Agreement in Gender and Case

Because these participles function entirely as standard adjectives, they must decline to agree with their noun in gender, number, and case. Notice how the adjective endings adapt for neuter and feminine nouns, or when the noun takes an oblique case like the Accusative or Dative.

{{item:1100066}}

{{item:1100049}}

{{item:1100055}}

{{item:1100063}}

Attributive past participles

adjective

adverb

conjunction

determiner

interjection

noun

numeral

particle

prep

preposition

pronoun

sentence

verb

Singular pronouns and to be (sam, si, je)

Noun genders (-Ø, -a, -o/-e)

Demonstrative pronouns (ovaj, ova, ovo)

Plural pronouns and to be (smo, ste, su)

Masculine plural nouns (-i)

Feminine plural nouns (-e)

Neuter plural nouns (-a)

Full verb to be (jesam, jesi)

Negative verb to be (nisam, nisi)

Yes/no questions (je li)

Wh- questions (tko, gdje)

Formal vs informal address (ti vs Vi)

Regular present tense (-ati)

Regular present tense (-iti)

Regular present tense (-jeti)

Verb negation (ne)

The verb to have (imati / nemati)

Inanimate direct objects

Feminine direct objects (-u)

Plural direct objects (-e, -a)

Accusative pronouns (me, te, ga, ju)

Adjective agreement

Plural adjectives

Accusative adjectives

Numbers 1 to 10 (jedan, dva, tri)

The locative case (-u)

Feminine locative (-i)

The verb to go (ići)

Destination (u, na)

The genitive case (-a)

Accusative pronouns (nas, vas, ga, ih)

Animate masculine accusative (-a)

Adjective agreement for animate masculine (-og, -eg)

The verb can (moći)

The verb must (morati)

The verb to want (htjeti, hoću)

The future tense (ću/ćeš + infinitive)

The past tense: l-participle (radio, radila)

Past tense word order (Prvo sam radio...)

Past tense with plural subjects (-li, -le, -la)

Feminine genitive singular (-e)

Possession and origin (od, iz)

Negative existence (nema)

Numbers 2, 3, and 4

Genitive plural (-a)

Numbers 11 to 20

Past tense negation (nisam)

Past tense questions (jeste li)

Dative singular

Dative pronouns (ti, mu, joj)

Past tense negation (nisam, nisi...)

Double object pronouns (mu ga, ti ju...)

Reflexive verbs (se)

Reflexive clitic word order

Commands and requests (radi, radite)

Plural demonstratives (ovi, ove, ova)

Possessive determiners (moj, naš, njegov)

Greetings (Dobar dan, doviđenja)

The body: Boli me glava

Directions (lijevo, desno, ravno)

There is, there are (ima)

Politeness (molim vas, hvala lijepa)

How you feel (Sviđa mi se)

Counting by tens to 100 (trideset, četrdeset...)

Quantifiers with the genitive case (malo, puno...)

Adjective agreement in the genitive singular (-og, -e)

Adjective agreement in the genitive plural (-ih)

Genitive prepositions (kod, do, bez...)

Asking what kind and which (kakav, koji)

Possessive determiners (njegov, njezin...)

Possessives in the accusative case

The reflexive possessive (svoj)

Indefinite pronouns (netko, nešto, neki)

Negative pronouns (nitko, ništa)

The verb to need (trebati)

Reciprocal verbs (se)

Introduction to verbal aspect

Perfective verbs with prefixes

Perfective verbs with stem changes

Irregular perfective verbs

Aspect in the past tense

Aspect in the future tense

Vehicular motion (voziti se, putovati)

Arrival and departure ('doći', 'otići')

Entering and exiting ('ući', 'izaći')

Singular accompaniment ('s', 'sa')

Question	Answer
ruined / failed	propao
My failed project is full of mistakes.	Moj propali projekt je pun pogrešaka.
First of all, that is a ruined business.	Kao prvo, to je propali posao.
overgrown	zarasao
Her overgrown garden is full of trash.	Njezin zarasli vrt je pun smeća.
I think that the overgrown path leads to the river.	Mislim da zarasli put vodi do rijeke.
remaining	preostao
Eat the remaining cake, whether you are hungry or not!	Pojedi preostali kolač, bilo da si gladan bilo da nisi!
The remaining money belongs to her.	Preostali novac pripada njoj.
escaped / runaway	odbjegao
The runaway dog found the way home.	Odbjegli pas je našao put kući.
Do not look for the escaped criminal!	Nemoj tražiti odbjeglog zločinca!
extinct	izumro
I believe that dinosaurs are an extinct species.	Vjerujem da su dinosauri izumrla vrsta.
Secondly, that extinct language is very hard.	Kao drugo, taj izumrli jezik je jako težak.
chilled / frozen	promrzao
Your half-frozen friend needs warm tea.	Tvoj promrzli prijatelj treba topli čaj.
Give a blanket to the half-frozen boy!	Daj deku promrzlom dječaku!
outdated	zastario
Our outdated system is full of mistakes.	Naš zastarjeli sustav je pun pogrešaka.
Whether you use an outdated cellphone or buy a new one, you must pay attention.	Bilo da koristiš zastarjeli mobitel bilo da kupiš novi, moraš paziti.
boiling / heated	uzavreo
Boiling water is dangerous.	Uzavrela voda je opasna.
Move the boiling water from the fire!	Makni uzavrelu vodu s vatre!
swollen (of a river)	nabujao
His car fell into the swollen river.	Njegov auto je pao u nabujalu rijeku.
Do you know that a swollen stream can destroy a bridge?	Znaš li da nabujali potok može uništiti most?
withered	ocvao
Withered flowers no longer smell.	Ocvalo cvijeće više ne miriše.
I think the withered bush needs to be cut.	Mislim da ocvali grm treba odrezati.
poor, wretched	jadan
The poor half-frozen dog is waiting outside.	Jadni promrzli pas čeka vani.
The poor woman lost everything.	Jadna žena je izgubila sve.

Contributors