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Turkish creates tendency adjectives directly from verbs to describe habits and personality traits. By adding a suffix to a verb stem, you describe someone or something that "habitually does" that action.

### Forming Tendency Adjectives

To form a tendency adjective, add **-gan**, **-gen**, **-kan**, or **-ken** to the verb stem, depending on consonant mutation and 2-way vowel harmony:

- **Consonant Mutation:** If the stem ends in a voiceless consonant (*ç, f, h, k, p, s, ş, t*), the suffix starts with **k** (*-kan / -ken*). Otherwise, it starts with **g** (*-gan / -gen*).
- **Vowel Harmony:** Use **a** (*-gan / -kan*) for back vowels (*a, ı, o, u*) and **e** (*-gen / -ken*) for front vowels (*e, i, ö, ü*).

### Voiceless Stems (-kan / -ken)

For stems ending in voiceless consonants, use **-kan** or **-ken**. For example, *konuş-* (to speak) becomes *konuşkan* (talkative), and *üret-* (to produce) becomes *üretken* (productive).

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### Voiced Stems (-gan / -gen)

For stems ending in vowels or voiced consonants, use **-gan** or **-gen**. For instance, *çekin-* (to hesitate) becomes *çekingen* (shy), and *alın-* (to take offense) becomes *alıngan* (touchy).

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### Describing Personality and Behavior

These adjectives are incredibly useful for describing social dynamics, moods, and behavioral traits. You will often see them contrasted with one another to highlight personal growth.

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They also describe the natural tendencies of animals or even abstract concepts like the weather.

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Tendency adjectives (-gAn / -kEn)

adjective

adverb

conjunction

determiner

interjection

noun

numeral

particle

postposition

preposition

pronoun

sentence

verb

Demonstrative pronouns (bu, şu, o)

Basic question words (kim, ne)

Plural nouns (-lar, -ler)

I am and you are (-(y)ım, -sın)

We, you, and they are (-(y)ız, -sınız)

Negative statements (değil)

Yes and no questions (mı, mi, mu, mü)

Questions with 'to be' (mısın, mıyım)

Numbers 1 to 10 (bir, iki, üç)

Numbers 11 to 20 (on bir, on iki)

Numbers by tens to 100 (otuz, kırk...)

Counting objects (tane)

The locative case (-da, -de)

Consonant assimilation (-ta, -te)

Asking where (nerede)

There is / there are (var)

There is not / there are not (yok)

Asking how many (kaç)

Infinitive verbs (-mak, -mek)

Informal commands (git, gel)

Negative commands (-ma, -me)

Polite and plural commands (-In, -InIz)

Basic word order

Present continuous for consonant roots (-iyor)

Present continuous for vowel roots (-iyor)

Present continuous personal suffixes (-iyorum)

Negative present continuous (-miyor)

Present continuous questions (-iyor mu)

Future plans with present continuous

The dative case (-(y)a, -(y)e)

Consonant mutation (k, t, p, ç to ğ, d, b, c)

From or out of (-dan / -den)

Directional question words (nereye, nereden)

First and second person possessives (-(i)m, -(i)n)

Third person possessive (-(s)i)

Plural possessives (-imiz, -iniz, -leri)

The genitive case (-(n)in)

Definite noun compounds (-nin ... -si)

Indefinite noun compounds (bare noun + -(s)i)

Possessive buffer letter (n)

Spatial postpositions (içinde, üstünde)

The definite direct object (-(y)ı, -(y)i)

Object question words (kimi, neyi)

Adjectives modifying nouns

Manner and choice questions (nasıl, hangi)

Basic degree modifiers (çok, biraz)

Comparisons (daha, en)

Days of the week

Months of the year

The time question word (ne zaman)

Telling time (saat, buçuk)

Asking the time (saat kaç, saat kaçta)

Basic conjunctions (ve, ama, veya)

Causality conjunction (çünkü)

Means and accompaniment (ile, -(y)lA)

Purpose and beneficiaries (için)

Expressing desire (-mak istemek)

The past copula (-(y)DI)

The direct past tense (-DI)

Past tense personal suffixes (-DIm, -DIn)

Past tense negative (-mAdI)

Past tense questions (-DI mI)

Ordinal numbers (-(I)ncI)

Greetings and politeness

Saying 'too' (de, da)

Conversation fillers (şey, yani, hadi)

Conversational essentials

Reflexive pronouns (kendim, kendin)

Reciprocal pronouns (birbiri)

Indefinite pronouns for people (herkes, kimse)

Indefinite pronouns for things and places (her şey, hiçbir şey)

Conjunctions of consequence (bu yüzden, bu nedenle)

Correlative conjunctions (hem... hem, ne... ne)

Verbs taking the dative case (-e / -a)

Verbs taking the ablative case (-den / -dan)

Time origin (beri)

Time duration (-DIr)

Comparisons of similarity (gibi)

Comparisons of equality (kadar)

Perspectives (göre)

Verbal nouns (-mA / -mE)

Verbal nouns as objects (-mAyI / -mEyI)

Verbal nouns with the dative (-mAyA / -mEyA)

General necessity (lazım / gerek)

Personal necessity (-mAm lazım)

Third-person commands (-sIn / -sInlAr)

First person singular optative (-(y)AyIm)

Question	Answer
talkative	konuşkan
He was always a talkative child.	O her zaman konuşkan bir çocuktu.
shy / timid (reserved)	çekingen
The new student is talkative, but at the same time a bit shy.	Yeni öğrenci konuşkan ama aynı zamanda biraz çekingen.
sociable / outgoing	girişken
It was necessary to be sociable to be successful in business life.	İş hayatında başarılı olmak için girişken olmak lazımdı.
I used to be very shy, now I can be more outgoing.	Eskiden çok çekingendim, şimdi daha girişken olabilirim.
productive (prolific)	üretken
Our team is quite productive and successful this week.	Bu hafta takımımız oldukça üretken ve başarılı.
How productive can we be?	Biz ne kadar üretken olabiliriz?
touchy / easily offended	alıngan
He is very touchy today, I am only smiling at him.	O bugün çok alıngan, ona sadece gülümsüyorum.
If only he weren't this touchy.	Keşke bu kadar alıngan olmasaydı.
aggressive (attacking)	saldırgan
Wild animals can sometimes be very aggressive.	Vahşi hayvanlar bazen çok saldırgan olabilir.
That dog is very aggressive, if only it weren't in the park.	O köpek çok saldırgan, keşke parkta olmasaydı.
assertive / bold	atılgan
Assertive young people can always find new opportunities.	Atılgan gençler her zaman yeni fırsatlar bulabilir.
changeable / variable	değişken
How changeable his mood is!	Onun ruh hali ne kadar değişken!
In this season the weather is very changeable, it can rain any moment.	Bu mevsimde hava çok değişken, her an yağmur yağabilir.
shy / easily embarrassed (bashful)	sıkılgan
Even he is very shy in public.	O bile toplum içinde çok sıkılgan.
He used to be more shy but now he is an assertive man.	Eskiden daha sıkılgandı ama artık atılgan bir adam.
wasteful / extravagant	savurgan
He is a rich man but not extravagant at all.	Zengin bir adam ama hiç savurgan değil.
If only you weren't such an extravagant man.	Keşke bu kadar savurgan bir adam olmasaydın.