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### History and Hearsay: The Reported Past with Nouns and Adjectives

To talk about history, legends, or things you only heard about, attach the reported past suffix **-(y)mIş** directly to nouns and adjectives to state what things *apparently were* like. 

The suffix follows 4-way vowel harmony. If the word ends in a consonant, just attach the suffix:

- Last vowel **a, ı** → add **-mış**
- Last vowel **e, i** → add **-miş**
- Last vowel **o, u** → add **-muş**
- Last vowel **ö, ü** → add **-müş**

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If the noun or adjective ends in a vowel, insert the buffer letter **-y-** before the suffix (**-ymış**, **-ymiş**, **-ymuş**, **-ymüş**).

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### Negating the Reported Past

To say that something apparently *was not*, use the negative word **değil** and attach the reported past suffix directly to it. Because **değil** ends in the vowel *i*, "apparently was not" is always expressed as **değilmiş**.

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### Asking "Who" and "Where"

You can also attach this suffix to question words. Just like with regular nouns, remember to use the buffer **-y-** if the question word ends in a vowel (like *nerede*).

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Reported past with nouns and adjectives (-(y)mış)

adjective

adverb

conjunction

determiner

interjection

noun

numeral

particle

postposition

preposition

pronoun

sentence

verb

Demonstrative pronouns (bu, şu, o)

Basic question words (kim, ne)

Plural nouns (-lar, -ler)

I am and you are (-(y)ım, -sın)

We, you, and they are (-(y)ız, -sınız)

Negative statements (değil)

Yes and no questions (mı, mi, mu, mü)

Questions with 'to be' (mısın, mıyım)

Numbers 1 to 10 (bir, iki, üç)

Numbers 11 to 20 (on bir, on iki)

Numbers by tens to 100 (otuz, kırk...)

Counting objects (tane)

The locative case (-da, -de)

Consonant assimilation (-ta, -te)

Asking where (nerede)

There is / there are (var)

There is not / there are not (yok)

Asking how many (kaç)

Infinitive verbs (-mak, -mek)

Informal commands (git, gel)

Negative commands (-ma, -me)

Polite and plural commands (-In, -InIz)

Basic word order

Present continuous for consonant roots (-iyor)

Present continuous for vowel roots (-iyor)

Present continuous personal suffixes (-iyorum)

Negative present continuous (-miyor)

Present continuous questions (-iyor mu)

Future plans with present continuous

The dative case (-(y)a, -(y)e)

Consonant mutation (k, t, p, ç to ğ, d, b, c)

From or out of (-dan / -den)

Directional question words (nereye, nereden)

First and second person possessives (-(i)m, -(i)n)

Third person possessive (-(s)i)

Plural possessives (-imiz, -iniz, -leri)

The genitive case (-(n)in)

Definite noun compounds (-nin ... -si)

Indefinite noun compounds (bare noun + -(s)i)

Possessive buffer letter (n)

Spatial postpositions (içinde, üstünde)

The definite direct object (-(y)ı, -(y)i)

Object question words (kimi, neyi)

Adjectives modifying nouns

Manner and choice questions (nasıl, hangi)

Basic degree modifiers (çok, biraz)

Comparisons (daha, en)

Days of the week

Months of the year

The time question word (ne zaman)

Telling time (saat, buçuk)

Asking the time (saat kaç, saat kaçta)

Basic conjunctions (ve, ama, veya)

Causality conjunction (çünkü)

Means and accompaniment (ile, -(y)lA)

Purpose and beneficiaries (için)

Expressing desire (-mak istemek)

The past copula (-(y)DI)

The direct past tense (-DI)

Past tense personal suffixes (-DIm, -DIn)

Past tense negative (-mAdI)

Past tense questions (-DI mI)

Ordinal numbers (-(I)ncI)

Greetings and politeness

Saying 'too' (de, da)

Conversation fillers (şey, yani, hadi)

Conversational essentials

Reflexive pronouns (kendim, kendin)

Reciprocal pronouns (birbiri)

Indefinite pronouns for people (herkes, kimse)

Indefinite pronouns for things and places (her şey, hiçbir şey)

Conjunctions of consequence (bu yüzden, bu nedenle)

Correlative conjunctions (hem... hem, ne... ne)

Verbs taking the dative case (-e / -a)

Verbs taking the ablative case (-den / -dan)

Time origin (beri)

Time duration (-DIr)

Comparisons of similarity (gibi)

Comparisons of equality (kadar)

Perspectives (göre)

Verbal nouns (-mA / -mE)

Verbal nouns as objects (-mAyI / -mEyI)

Verbal nouns with the dative (-mAyA / -mEyA)

General necessity (lazım / gerek)

Personal necessity (-mAm lazım)

Third-person commands (-sIn / -sInlAr)

First person singular optative (-(y)AyIm)

Question	Answer
history	tarih
This history book was apparently very boring.	Bu tarih kitabı çok sıkıcıymış.
era / period (phase in time)	dönem
Who was apparently the history teacher in that era?	O dönemde tarih öğretmeni kimmiş?
That era was apparently difficult but interesting.	O dönem zor ama ilginçmiş.
empire	imparatorluk
This empire was apparently both rich and powerful.	Bu imparatorluk hem zengin hem güçlüymüş.
sultan	sultan
The former sultan was apparently old and sick.	Eski sultan yaşlı ve hastaymış.
Who was apparently their new sultan?	Onların yeni sultanı kimmiş?
just / fair	adil
The first sultan was apparently very just and polite.	Birinci sultan çok adil ve kibarmış.
The young king was apparently not fair at all.	Genç kral hiç adil değilmiş.
cruel	zalim
Unfortunately, the second sultan was apparently very cruel.	Maalesef ikinci sultan çok zalimmiş.
palace	saray
The new palace was apparently very big and beautiful.	Yeni saray çok büyük ve güzelmiş.
Where was the sultan's palace apparently?	Sultanın sarayı neredeymiş?
vizier	vezir
The vizier was apparently a very smart man.	Vezir çok akıllı bir adammış.
The old vizier was apparently not lazy at all.	Yaşlı vezir hiç tembel değilmiş.
army	ordu
The empire's army was apparently like a giant.	İmparatorluğun ordusu dev gibiymiş.
That army was apparently both fast and brave.	O ordu hem hızlı hem cesurmuş.
people / public	halk
In that era, the public was apparently not rich, but poor.	O dönemde halk zengin değil, fakirmiş.
The people were apparently very angry at that cruel sultan.	Halk o zalim sultana çok kızgınmış.
historical	tarihî
There are many historical buildings in this city.	Bu şehirde çok tarihî bina var.
The tourists are visiting the historical palace.	Turistler tarihî sarayı geziyor.