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### The "With" and "By" Suffix (ile / -(y)lA)

To express doing something "with" a tool, "by" a vehicle, or "with" someone, Turkish uses the word **ile**. In everyday speech and writing, it is almost always attached directly to the noun as the suffix **-(y)lA**.

Following two-way vowel harmony, the suffix becomes **-la** or **-le**. If the noun ends in a vowel, add a buffer **y** (**-yla** / **-yle**).

| Noun Ending | Last Vowel (a, ı, o, u) | Last Vowel (e, i, ö, ü) |
|---|---|---|
| **Consonant** | -la | -le |
| **Vowel** | -yla | -yle |

### Means of Transportation

Attach this suffix to a vehicle to mean "by" (e.g., *by* bicycle, *by* ferry).

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### Tools and Instruments

Use the same suffix for tools and instruments (e.g., cutting *with* a knife, washing *with* soap). Notice how **fırça** (brush) ends in a vowel, taking the buffer **y** to become **fırçayla**.

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### Doing Things Together

When doing an action with others, attach **-la** / **-le** to the person's name, title, or pronoun (like **onlar** + **la** = **onlarla**). It is commonly paired with the word **birlikte** (together).

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Means and accompaniment (ile, -(y)lA)

adjective

adverb

conjunction

determiner

interjection

noun

numeral

particle

postposition

preposition

pronoun

sentence

verb

Demonstrative pronouns (bu, şu, o)

Basic question words (kim, ne)

Plural nouns (-lar, -ler)

I am and you are (-(y)ım, -sın)

We, you, and they are (-(y)ız, -sınız)

Negative statements (değil)

Yes and no questions (mı, mi, mu, mü)

Questions with 'to be' (mısın, mıyım)

Numbers 1 to 10 (bir, iki, üç)

Numbers 11 to 20 (on bir, on iki)

Numbers by tens to 100 (otuz, kırk...)

Counting objects (tane)

The locative case (-da, -de)

Consonant assimilation (-ta, -te)

Asking where (nerede)

There is / there are (var)

There is not / there are not (yok)

Asking how many (kaç)

Infinitive verbs (-mak, -mek)

Informal commands (git, gel)

Negative commands (-ma, -me)

Polite and plural commands (-In, -InIz)

Basic word order

Present continuous for consonant roots (-iyor)

Present continuous for vowel roots (-iyor)

Present continuous personal suffixes (-iyorum)

Negative present continuous (-miyor)

Present continuous questions (-iyor mu)

Future plans with present continuous

The dative case (-(y)a, -(y)e)

Consonant mutation (k, t, p, ç to ğ, d, b, c)

From or out of (-dan / -den)

Directional question words (nereye, nereden)

First and second person possessives (-(i)m, -(i)n)

Third person possessive (-(s)i)

Plural possessives (-imiz, -iniz, -leri)

The genitive case (-(n)in)

Definite noun compounds (-nin ... -si)

Indefinite noun compounds (bare noun + -(s)i)

Possessive buffer letter (n)

Spatial postpositions (içinde, üstünde)

The definite direct object (-(y)ı, -(y)i)

Object question words (kimi, neyi)

Adjectives modifying nouns

Manner and choice questions (nasıl, hangi)

Basic degree modifiers (çok, biraz)

Comparisons (daha, en)

Days of the week

Months of the year

The time question word (ne zaman)

Telling time (saat, buçuk)

Asking the time (saat kaç, saat kaçta)

Basic conjunctions (ve, ama, veya)

Causality conjunction (çünkü)

Purpose and beneficiaries (için)

Expressing desire (-mak istemek)

The past copula (-(y)DI)

The direct past tense (-DI)

Past tense personal suffixes (-DIm, -DIn)

Past tense negative (-mAdI)

Past tense questions (-DI mI)

Ordinal numbers (-(I)ncI)

Greetings and politeness

Saying 'too' (de, da)

Conversation fillers (şey, yani, hadi)

Conversational essentials

Reflexive pronouns (kendim, kendin)

Reciprocal pronouns (birbiri)

Indefinite pronouns for people (herkes, kimse)

Indefinite pronouns for things and places (her şey, hiçbir şey)

Conjunctions of consequence (bu yüzden, bu nedenle)

Correlative conjunctions (hem... hem, ne... ne)

Verbs taking the dative case (-e / -a)

Verbs taking the ablative case (-den / -dan)

Time origin (beri)

Time duration (-DIr)

Comparisons of similarity (gibi)

Comparisons of equality (kadar)

Perspectives (göre)

Verbal nouns (-mA / -mE)

Verbal nouns as objects (-mAyI / -mEyI)

Verbal nouns with the dative (-mAyA / -mEyA)

General necessity (lazım / gerek)

Personal necessity (-mAm lazım)

Third-person commands (-sIn / -sInlAr)

First person singular optative (-(y)AyIm)

First person plural optative (-(y)AlIm)

Question	Answer
bicycle	bisiklet
with / by / and (linking nouns)	ile
The children are going to school by bicycle.	Çocuklar okula bisikletle gidiyor.
We are going to the park by bicycle.	Parka bisikletle gidiyoruz.
ferry	vapur
They are returning to the city by ferry.	Şehre vapurla dönüyorlar.
Today I am going to work by ferry.	Bugün işe vapurla gidiyorum.
truck	kamyon
The men are carrying the big boxes by truck.	Adamlar büyük kutuları kamyonla taşıyor.
Where are you going by truck?	Kamyonla nereye gidiyorsunuz?
knife	bıçak
to cut	kesmek
The woman is cutting the meat with a knife.	Kadın eti bıçakla kesiyor.
Please cut that bread with a knife.	Lütfen o ekmeği bıçakla kes.
scissors	makas
The student is cutting the paper with scissors.	Öğrenci kağıdı makasla kesiyor.
What are you doing with these scissors?	Bu makasla ne yapıyorsunuz?
brush	fırça
We are painting the wall with a brush.	Duvarı fırçayla boyuyoruz.
He is painting the picture with a small brush.	Resmi küçük bir fırçayla boyuyor.
soap	sabun
Wash your hands with water and soap.	Ellerinizi su ve sabunla yıkayın.
I am cleaning the dirty clothes with soap.	Kirli elbiseleri sabunla temizliyorum.
together	birlikte
We are entering the meeting together with the manager.	Müdürle birlikte toplantıya giriyoruz.
We are walking in the park together with them.	Onlarla birlikte parkta yürüyoruz.
vehicle; means	araç
A bus is a big vehicle.	Otobüs büyük bir araç.
Which vehicle are you going by?	Hangi araçla gidiyorsun?
A bicycle is also a vehicle.	Bisiklet de bir araç.