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### The Chain of Command: Causative-Passive

To express that an action was *ordered or caused to be done* by an unnamed third party, Turkish combines two voice suffixes: the Causative and the Passive.

First, add a causative suffix (like `-tIr` or `-t`) to the verb stem to mean "to make or have someone do" an action. Then, add the passive suffix (`-Il`) to shift the focus away from the person giving the order, highlighting instead that the command itself was issued and executed. 

Because causative suffixes end in consonants like *r* or *t*, the passive suffix attached to them will always follow 4-way vowel harmony as `-ıl`, `-il`, `-ul`, or `-ül`.

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### Building the Double Suffix

The exact shape of the double causative-passive suffix attaches the passive `-Il` immediately to the verb's standard causative form.

| Verb Stem | Causative | Causative-Passive | Meaning |
|---|---|---|---|
| yap- | yaptır- | yaptırıl- | to be ordered to be done |
| taşı- | taşıt- | taşıtıl- | to be made to be carried |
| konuş- | konuştur- | konuşturul- | to be forced to speak |
| boşalt- | boşalttır- | boşalttırıl- | to be ordered to be emptied |

If you need to mention the specific people ordered or forced to carry out the action, they take the dative case (`-a` / `-e`), acting as the indirect object of the enforcement.

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Double causative-passive (-tırıl)

adjective

adverb

conjunction

determiner

interjection

noun

numeral

particle

postposition

preposition

pronoun

sentence

verb

Demonstrative pronouns (bu, şu, o)

Basic question words (kim, ne)

Plural nouns (-lar, -ler)

I am and you are (-(y)ım, -sın)

We, you, and they are (-(y)ız, -sınız)

Negative statements (değil)

Yes and no questions (mı, mi, mu, mü)

Questions with 'to be' (mısın, mıyım)

Numbers 1 to 10 (bir, iki, üç)

Numbers 11 to 20 (on bir, on iki)

Numbers by tens to 100 (otuz, kırk...)

Counting objects (tane)

The locative case (-da, -de)

Consonant assimilation (-ta, -te)

Asking where (nerede)

There is / there are (var)

There is not / there are not (yok)

Asking how many (kaç)

Infinitive verbs (-mak, -mek)

Informal commands (git, gel)

Negative commands (-ma, -me)

Polite and plural commands (-In, -InIz)

Basic word order

Present continuous for consonant roots (-iyor)

Present continuous for vowel roots (-iyor)

Present continuous personal suffixes (-iyorum)

Negative present continuous (-miyor)

Present continuous questions (-iyor mu)

Future plans with present continuous

The dative case (-(y)a, -(y)e)

Consonant mutation (k, t, p, ç to ğ, d, b, c)

From or out of (-dan / -den)

Directional question words (nereye, nereden)

First and second person possessives (-(i)m, -(i)n)

Third person possessive (-(s)i)

Plural possessives (-imiz, -iniz, -leri)

The genitive case (-(n)in)

Definite noun compounds (-nin ... -si)

Indefinite noun compounds (bare noun + -(s)i)

Possessive buffer letter (n)

Spatial postpositions (içinde, üstünde)

The definite direct object (-(y)ı, -(y)i)

Object question words (kimi, neyi)

Adjectives modifying nouns

Manner and choice questions (nasıl, hangi)

Basic degree modifiers (çok, biraz)

Comparisons (daha, en)

Days of the week

Months of the year

The time question word (ne zaman)

Telling time (saat, buçuk)

Asking the time (saat kaç, saat kaçta)

Basic conjunctions (ve, ama, veya)

Causality conjunction (çünkü)

Means and accompaniment (ile, -(y)lA)

Purpose and beneficiaries (için)

Expressing desire (-mak istemek)

The past copula (-(y)DI)

The direct past tense (-DI)

Past tense personal suffixes (-DIm, -DIn)

Past tense negative (-mAdI)

Past tense questions (-DI mI)

Ordinal numbers (-(I)ncI)

Greetings and politeness

Saying 'too' (de, da)

Conversation fillers (şey, yani, hadi)

Conversational essentials

Reflexive pronouns (kendim, kendin)

Reciprocal pronouns (birbiri)

Indefinite pronouns for people (herkes, kimse)

Indefinite pronouns for things and places (her şey, hiçbir şey)

Conjunctions of consequence (bu yüzden, bu nedenle)

Correlative conjunctions (hem... hem, ne... ne)

Verbs taking the dative case (-e / -a)

Verbs taking the ablative case (-den / -dan)

Time origin (beri)

Time duration (-DIr)

Comparisons of similarity (gibi)

Comparisons of equality (kadar)

Perspectives (göre)

Verbal nouns (-mA / -mE)

Verbal nouns as objects (-mAyI / -mEyI)

Verbal nouns with the dative (-mAyA / -mEyA)

General necessity (lazım / gerek)

Personal necessity (-mAm lazım)

Third-person commands (-sIn / -sInlAr)

First person singular optative (-(y)AyIm)

Question	Answer
enemy	düşman
base	üs
to destroy	imha etmek
The enemy base was ordered to be destroyed.	Düşman üssü imha ettirildi.
operation	operasyon
The operation is about to start.	Operasyon başlamak üzere.
ammunition	mühimmat
For the operation, the soldiers were made to carry the ammunition.	Operasyon için mühimmat askerlere taşıtıldı.
force	kuvvet
headquarters	karargâh
The forces brought the ammunition to the headquarters.	Kuvvetler mühimmatı karargâha getirdi.
spy	casus
intelligence	istihbarat
After taking the intelligence files, the spy escaped.	Casus istihbarat dosyalarını aldıktan sonra kaçtı.
prisoner	esir
Were the spy and the prisoners forced to talk?	Casus ve esirler zorla konuşturuldu mu?
The prisoners were kept waiting without eating anything.	Esirler hiçbir şey yemeden bekletildi.
The enemy forces who did not escape were forced to drop their weapons.	Kaçmayan düşman kuvvetlerine silah bıraktırıldı.
Was that secret base ordered to be evacuated immediately?	O gizli üs hemen boşalttırıldı mı?
This intelligence was ordered to be hidden from everyone.	Bu istihbarat herkesten gizletildi.
The enemy headquarters was suddenly ordered to be destroyed.	Düşman karargâhı aniden imha ettirildi.