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To explain exactly *why* something happened—translating to "because of," "due to," or "since"—Turkish uses a causal clause built with the ablative case. We will use this structure to analyze the reasons behind a small business bankruptcy.

### Forming Causal Clauses

This structure turns a full sentence into a reason by modifying its verb. It requires three steps:
1. **The Participle:** Add the suffix **-dık / -dik / -duk / -dük** to the verb root. (For negative verbs, add the negative suffix **-ma / -me** first, yielding **-madık / -medik**).
2. **The Possessive:** Add a possessive suffix to show *who* or *what* is doing the action. (Because possessive suffixes usually start with a vowel, the **k** in the participle softens to a **ğ**).
3. **The Ablative & Postposition:** Add the ablative case suffix **-dan / -den** ("from"). It is very common to follow this with the word **dolayı** ("due to"), though it is optional.

| Subject | Affirmative (*olmak* - to be) | Negative (*olmamak* - not to be) |
|---------|--------------------------------|----------------------------------|
| Ben | olduğumdan (dolayı) | olmadığımdan (dolayı) |
| Sen | olduğundan (dolayı) | olmadığından (dolayı) |
| O / (It) | olduğundan (dolayı) | olmadığından (dolayı) |
| Biz | olduğumuzdan (dolayı) | olmadığımızdan (dolayı) |
| Siz | olduğunuzdan (dolayı) | olmadığınızdan (dolayı) |
| Onlar | olduklarından (dolayı) | olmadıklarından (dolayı) |

*Note: For the third-person singular (o), the possessive suffix is **-u / -ü / -ı / -i**. Before adding the ablative **-dan / -den**, Turkish requires the buffer letter **n**, resulting in **olduğundan**.*

### Applying the Grammar: Business Failures

Notice how the negative verb *ödememek* (not to pay) takes the third-person structure to mean "because it did not pay":

{{item:831402}}

### Using Adjectives and States

To say "because [something] is/was [adjective]," you use the verb **olmak** (to be) in this construction.

{{item:831405}}

Similarly, you can use the negative **olmadığından dolayı** to express "because there was no [noun]":

{{item:831408}}

### Plural Subjects

If the subject doing the action is "they" (*onlar*), the possessive suffix becomes **-ları / -leri**. When combined with the ablative case, it becomes **-larından / -lerinden**. Because the possessive suffix starts with a consonant, the **k** does *not* soften to a **ğ**:

{{item:831414}}

### Chaining Multiple Reasons

If a business failed for more than one reason, you can chain these clauses together using **ve** (and).

{{item:831419}}

Causal clauses (-dığından dolayı)

adjective

adverb

conjunction

determiner

interjection

noun

numeral

particle

postposition

preposition

pronoun

sentence

verb

Demonstrative pronouns (bu, şu, o)

Basic question words (kim, ne)

Plural nouns (-lar, -ler)

I am and you are (-(y)ım, -sın)

We, you, and they are (-(y)ız, -sınız)

Negative statements (değil)

Yes and no questions (mı, mi, mu, mü)

Questions with 'to be' (mısın, mıyım)

Numbers 1 to 10 (bir, iki, üç)

Numbers 11 to 20 (on bir, on iki)

Numbers by tens to 100 (otuz, kırk...)

Counting objects (tane)

The locative case (-da, -de)

Consonant assimilation (-ta, -te)

Asking where (nerede)

There is / there are (var)

There is not / there are not (yok)

Asking how many (kaç)

Infinitive verbs (-mak, -mek)

Informal commands (git, gel)

Negative commands (-ma, -me)

Polite and plural commands (-In, -InIz)

Basic word order

Present continuous for consonant roots (-iyor)

Present continuous for vowel roots (-iyor)

Present continuous personal suffixes (-iyorum)

Negative present continuous (-miyor)

Present continuous questions (-iyor mu)

Future plans with present continuous

The dative case (-(y)a, -(y)e)

Consonant mutation (k, t, p, ç to ğ, d, b, c)

From or out of (-dan / -den)

Directional question words (nereye, nereden)

First and second person possessives (-(i)m, -(i)n)

Third person possessive (-(s)i)

Plural possessives (-imiz, -iniz, -leri)

The genitive case (-(n)in)

Definite noun compounds (-nin ... -si)

Indefinite noun compounds (bare noun + -(s)i)

Possessive buffer letter (n)

Spatial postpositions (içinde, üstünde)

The definite direct object (-(y)ı, -(y)i)

Object question words (kimi, neyi)

Adjectives modifying nouns

Manner and choice questions (nasıl, hangi)

Basic degree modifiers (çok, biraz)

Comparisons (daha, en)

Days of the week

Months of the year

The time question word (ne zaman)

Telling time (saat, buçuk)

Asking the time (saat kaç, saat kaçta)

Basic conjunctions (ve, ama, veya)

Causality conjunction (çünkü)

Means and accompaniment (ile, -(y)lA)

Purpose and beneficiaries (için)

Expressing desire (-mak istemek)

The past copula (-(y)DI)

The direct past tense (-DI)

Past tense personal suffixes (-DIm, -DIn)

Past tense negative (-mAdI)

Past tense questions (-DI mI)

Ordinal numbers (-(I)ncI)

Greetings and politeness

Saying 'too' (de, da)

Conversation fillers (şey, yani, hadi)

Conversational essentials

Reflexive pronouns (kendim, kendin)

Reciprocal pronouns (birbiri)

Indefinite pronouns for people (herkes, kimse)

Indefinite pronouns for things and places (her şey, hiçbir şey)

Conjunctions of consequence (bu yüzden, bu nedenle)

Correlative conjunctions (hem... hem, ne... ne)

Verbs taking the dative case (-e / -a)

Verbs taking the ablative case (-den / -dan)

Time origin (beri)

Time duration (-DIr)

Comparisons of similarity (gibi)

Comparisons of equality (kadar)

Perspectives (göre)

Verbal nouns (-mA / -mE)

Verbal nouns as objects (-mAyI / -mEyI)

Verbal nouns with the dative (-mAyA / -mEyA)

General necessity (lazım / gerek)

Personal necessity (-mAm lazım)

Third-person commands (-sIn / -sInlAr)

First person singular optative (-(y)AyIm)

Question	Answer
business / enterprise	işletme
to go bankrupt	iflas etmek
The business went bankrupt because it did not pay its debts.	İşletme, borçlarını ödemediğinden dolayı iflas etti.
capital (financial)	sermaye
insufficient / inadequate	yetersiz
Because their capital was insufficient, they did not open a new shop.	Sermayeleri yetersiz olduğundan dolayı yeni bir dükkân açmadılar.
sale / sales	satış
increase	artış
The company lost money because there was no increase in sales.	Satışlarda artış olmadığından dolayı şirket para kaybetti.
competition (rivalry)	rekabet
The business went bankrupt because there was too much competition.	Rekabet çok fazla olduğundan dolayı işletme iflas etti.
experience	tecrübe
Management made a mistake because they lacked experience.	Yönetim, tecrübesi olmadığından dolayı hata yaptı.
marketing	pazarlama
They did not see an increase in sales because they did not do marketing.	Pazarlama yapmadıklarından dolayı satışlarda artış görmediler.
When they were young, they lost money because their experience was insufficient.	Gençken, tecrübeleri yetersiz olduğundan dolayı para kaybettiler.
cost	maliyet
Competition was very difficult because costs were high.	Maliyetler yüksek olduğundan dolayı rekabet çok zordu.
The company that did not make a plan went bankrupt because its marketing was bad.	Plan yapmayan şirket, pazarlaması kötü olduğundan dolayı iflas etti.
Because the cost increased and the capital was insufficient, the business went bankrupt.	Maliyet arttığından ve sermaye yetersiz olduğundan dolayı işletme iflas etti.