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### Completed Actions and State Changes with แล้ว

To indicate that an action is finished or a physical state has changed, place the particle **แล้ว** at the end of a sentence or verb phrase. It translates roughly to "already".

{{item:953456}}

Because Thai verbs do not have past-tense forms, **แล้ว** is a crucial marker to show that something has happened or a new situation has begun.

### Describing Missing, Depleted, or Broken Items

When items break, get lost, spoil, or run out, pair the state verb with **แล้ว**.

For misplaced items, use **หาย** (to be lost):

{{item:953457}}

For resources that have been completely used up, use **หมด** (to run out):

{{item:953460}}

Thai has specific words for things breaking or spoiling. Use **เสีย** for electronics or spoiled food, **พัง** for machines breaking down, and **แตก** for fragile items shattering:

{{item:953463}}

{{item:953467}}

{{item:953469}}

### Finished Tasks and Physical Feelings

To state that you have completed a task, place **เสร็จ** (to be finished) after the action and before **แล้ว**.

{{item:953472}}

Use **แล้ว** for changes in personal physical states, such as going from hungry to full:

{{item:953475}}

### Weather Events

For weather, **แล้ว** shows that an event has already occurred or has just begun:

{{item:953479}}

{{item:953480}}

Completed actions (แล้ว)

adjective

adverb

auxiliary

auxiliary verb

classifier

conjunction

determiner

interjection

modal

noun

numeral

particle

phrase

prefix

preposition

pronoun

sentence

symbol

verb

Demonstrative pronouns (นี่, นั่น)

Subject pronouns and word order (ผม, เขา, มัน)

Adjectives as verbs

Adjective placement

The degree modifier (มาก)

The identity copula (เป็น)

Verb negation (ไม่)

Negation of identity (ไม่ใช่)

Yes/No questions (ไหม)

Possession (มี, ของ)

There is / there are (มี)

Being located (อยู่)

Spatial prepositions (ที่, ใน, บน, ใต้)

What and who (อะไร, ใคร)

Where (ที่ไหน)

Numbers 1 to 10

Numbers 11 to 100

Classifiers for counting (คน, อัน)

How many (กี่)

Demonstrative adjectives (นี้, นั้น)

Going and coming (ไป / มา)

Expressing purpose

Wanting to do something (อยาก)

Wanting an object (เอา)

Can and may (ได้)

Knowing how to do something (เป็น)

Polite requests (ขอ)

Softening requests (หน่อย)

Negative commands (อย่า)

Basic time adverbs

Asking for the time (กี่โมง)

Asking when (เมื่อไร)

Asking how and why (ยังไง, ทำไม)

Ongoing actions (กำลัง)

Future intentions (จะ)

Perfective questions (หรือยัง)

Connecting nouns (และ)

Offering choices (หรือ)

Contrasting clauses (แต่)

Accompaniment (กับ)

Obligation (ต้อง)

Past experience (เคย)

Agreement and addition (ก็)

Giving reasons (เพราะ)

Excessive degree (เกินไป)

Comparisons (กว่า)

Superlatives (ที่สุด)

Complement clauses (ว่า)

Greetings and politeness (สวัสดี)

Introducing yourself (ชื่อ, ยินดีที่ได้รู้จัก)

Turning verbs into nouns (การ-, ความ-)

Ordinal numbers (ที่)

Noun classifiers (ตัว, คัน)

Noun classifiers (ใบ, เล่ม)

Plural quantifiers (หลาย)

Universal quantifiers (ทุก)

Indefinite quantifiers (บาง)

Reflexive pronouns (ตัวเอง)

Reciprocal actions (กัน)

Adverbs of frequency

Range and duration (ตั้งแต่...ถึง...)

Past occurrence (ได้)

Recent past (เพิ่ง)

Continuation (ยัง / ยังไม่)

Immediate future (กำลังจะ)

Continuous states (อยู่)

Ongoing actions (กำลัง...อยู่)

Possibility (อาจจะ)

Giving advice (ควร)

Expectations (น่าจะ)

Negative passive (โดน)

Past action emphasis (ได้)

Letting and ordering (ให้)

Causing an effect (ทำให้)

Doing things for others (...ให้)

Movement away and towards (ไป, มา)

Movement up and down (ขึ้น, ลง)

Movement in and out (เข้า, ออก)

Finding things (เจอ)

Finishing actions (เสร็จ)

Negating outcomes (ไม่)

Question	Answer
to be lost	หาย
already	แล้ว
My bag is lost.	กระเป๋า　ของ　ผม　หาย　แล้ว　ครับ
The keys are lost.	กุญแจ　หาย　แล้ว　ค่ะ
to run out / completely (resultative)	หมด
The water has run out.	น้ำ　หมด　แล้ว　ครับ
What has run out today?	วันนี้　อะไร　หมด　แล้ว　คะ
to be broken	เสีย
The milk is spoiled.	นม　เสีย　แล้ว　ค่ะ
The TV is broken.	ทีวี　เสีย　แล้ว　ครับ
to break down	พัง
Today, my computer broke down.	วันนี้　คอมพิวเตอร์　ของ　ฉัน　พัง　แล้ว　ค่ะ
The phone broke down.	โทรศัพท์　พัง　แล้ว　ครับ
to shatter	แตก
The glass shattered.	แก้ว　แตก　แล้ว　ค่ะ
The bottle shattered.	ขวด　แตก　แล้ว　ครับ
to be finished	เสร็จ
I finished working.	ผม　ทำงาน　เสร็จ　แล้ว　ครับ
He finished reading the book.	เขา　อ่าน　หนังสือ　เสร็จ　แล้ว　ค่ะ
to be full	อิ่ม
I am full.	ฉัน　อิ่ม　แล้ว　ค่ะ
Today, I am already very full.	วันนี้　ผม　อิ่ม　มาก　แล้ว　ครับ
rain	ฝน
to fall	ตก
It is raining now.	ตอนนี้　ฝน　ตก　แล้ว　ค่ะ
It already rained today.	วันนี้　ฝน　ตก　แล้ว　ครับ