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Spanish (Spain)

### Regular '-ar' Verbs

In Spanish, verbs are grouped by their endings. The largest group ends in **-ar**, like **trabajar** (to work) and **estudiar** (to study).

To conjugate them in the present tense, drop the **-ar** to find the stem, then add the ending that matches the subject:

| Subject | Ending | Example (*trabajar*) |
|---|---|---|
| yo | -o | trabajo |
| tú | -as | trabajas |
| él/ella/usted | -a | trabaja |
| nosotros/as | -amos | trabajamos |
| vosotros/as | -áis | trabajáis |
| ellos/ellas/ustedes | -an | trabajan |

### Dropping Pronouns

Because the verb ending usually tells you exactly who is doing the action, subject pronouns (*yo*, *tú*, etc.) are often dropped.

{{item:1101320}}

{{item:1101322}}

When talking about someone else (he, she, or it), you might need to include the subject pronoun for clarity. Adverbs like **siempre** (always) generally go before the verb.

{{item:1101325}}

### Plural Subjects

The plural endings follow the same pattern. Notice the **-áis** ending for *vosotros/as* (you all), used to address groups informally in Spain.

{{item:1101328}}

When asking a question with a word like **qué** (what), the question word comes first, followed by the verb.

{{item:1101330}}

{{item:1101332}}

### Negative Sentences

To make a sentence negative, simply place **no** directly before the verb.

{{item:1101333}}

Regular '-ar' verbs (-o, -as, -a...)

adjective

adverb

conjunction

contraction

determiner

interjection

noun

numeral

preposition

pronoun

sentence

verb

Singular subjects and 'ser' (yo soy, esto es)

Plural nouns and definite articles (los, las)

Plural pronouns and 'ser' (somos, sois, son)

Adjective agreement (-o, -a, -os, -as)

Indefinite articles (un, una, unos, unas)

Simple negation (no)

Yes/no questions

Regular '-er' verbs (-o, -es, -e...)

Regular '-ir' verbs (-o, -es, -e...)

Locative adverbs (aquí, allí)

Question words (quién, cómo)

The verb estar (estoy, estás)

The preposition en (en)

Ser vs. estar

The verb tener (tengo, tienes)

Possessive determiners (mi, tu, su)

Origin and possession (de, del)

The verb ir (voy, vas)

Destination (a, al)

The personal 'a' (a)

Stem-changing verbs: e to ie

Stem-changing verbs: o to ue

Irregular first-person verbs

Reflexive verbs (me, te, se)

Numbers 1 to 10 (uno, dos, tres)

Numbers 11 to 20 (once, doce, trece)

Counting by tens to 100 (treinta, cuarenta, cien)

Compound numbers up to 99 (veintiuno, treinta y uno)

Days of the week (el lunes, el martes)

The family and the personal 'a' (a mi tío, a mi prima)

Months of the year

Telling time (es la, son las)

Verbs of liking (me gusta)

Plural agreement with verbs of liking (gustan)

Degree modifiers (muy, mucho)

Formal address (usted, ustedes)

Direct object pronouns (lo, la, los, las)

The near future (ir a)

Obligation (tener que)

Present continuous (-ando, -iendo)

Affirmative commands (tú, vosotros)

Basic Food and Drink

The Human Body: Head and Arms

The Human Body: Legs and Health

Wardrobe Essentials

Fresh Produce

Meals and Proteins

Public Transport

Hello and goodbye (hola, ¿qué tal?)

Thank you, sorry, OK (gracias, vale)

There is, there are (hay)

My building (la escalera, el ascensor)

Describing people (moreno, rubio, tímido)

Land and sea (el mar, el río, el norte)

Sightseeing (la plaza, la catedral)

Asking the way (cerca, a la derecha, todo recto)

In class (¿puedes repetir?)

Verb + infinitive (quiero comer, sé leer)

What's your name? (me llamo, encantado)

Phone, computer and email

Hundreds and thousands (doscientos, mil)

What do you do? (¿a qué te dedicas?)

Personal details (la edad, la fecha de nacimiento)

Me neither (también, tampoco, ni)

How much is it? (el precio, la vuelta)

What's the weather like? (hace sol, nieva)

Free time (el concierto, el tenis)

At the bar (¿qué vas a tomar?)

The Natural World

Demonstratives (este, ese, aquel)

Prepositions of place (encima de, debajo de)

Prepositional pronouns (para mí, contigo)

Ordinal numbers 1st to 10th (primero to décimo)

Adverbs of frequency (a veces, nunca)

Exclamations (¡qué...!)

Indefinite pronouns (algo, alguien)

Indefinite determiners (algún, ningún)

Indirect object pronouns (le, les)

Double object pronouns (me lo, te la)

Double object pronouns (se lo, se la)

Verbs of preference (encantar, interesar)

Impersonal obligation (hay que)

Starting and finishing actions (empezar a, terminar de)

Adjective comparatives (más que, menos que)

Comparatives of equality (tan como)

Noun comparatives (tanto como)

Irregular comparatives (mejor, peor, mayor, menor)

Question	Answer
to work	trabajar
a lot	mucho
in / on / by (means of transport) / about (after pensar)	en
I work a lot in the city.	Trabajo mucho en la ciudad.
to study	estudiar
Do you study Spanish?	¿Estudias español?
always	siempre
to walk	caminar
She always walks with the dog.	Ella siempre camina con el perro.
to buy	comprar
the shop	la tienda
We buy books in the shop.	Compramos libros en la tienda.
what	qué
What do you buy in the shop?	¿Qué compráis en la tienda?
to speak	hablar
The students speak English and Spanish.	Los estudiantes hablan inglés y español.
I do not work in the shop.	No trabajo en la tienda.
What does the young girl study?	¿Qué estudia la chica joven?
You speak a lot.	Hablas mucho.
The doctors always work a lot.	Los médicos siempre trabajan mucho.
We always walk with the dogs.	Siempre caminamos con los perros.