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Spanish (Spain)

### The Formal "You": *Usted*

In Spanish, use the formal **usted** (you) to show respect to strangers, elders, or in professional settings like airports and hotels.

Even though **usted** means "you," it uses **third-person singular** verb forms—the same ones used for *él* (he) and *ella* (she).

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When speaking formally, the possessive adjective for "your" is **su** (or **sus** if the item owned is plural).

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### The Plural Formal "You": *Ustedes*

When addressing a group of people formally in Spain, use **ustedes**. Like its singular counterpart, it uses **third-person plural** verb forms—the same ones used for *ellos* and *ellas*.

| Pronoun | Verb Form | Example (*tener*) |
| :--- | :--- | :--- |
| **usted** | 3rd-person singular | *(usted) tiene* |
| **ustedes** | 3rd-person plural | *(ustedes) tienen* |

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### Expressing Likes

With verbs like *gustar* (to like), the person who likes something is an indirect object. Use **le** for *usted* and **les** for *ustedes*. You will often see **a usted** or **a ustedes** added at the start of the sentence for politeness and clarity.

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Formal address (usted, ustedes)

adjective

adverb

conjunction

contraction

determiner

interjection

noun

numeral

preposition

pronoun

sentence

verb

Singular subjects and 'ser' (yo soy, esto es)

Plural nouns and definite articles (los, las)

Plural pronouns and 'ser' (somos, sois, son)

Adjective agreement (-o, -a, -os, -as)

Indefinite articles (un, una, unos, unas)

Simple negation (no)

Yes/no questions

Regular '-ar' verbs (-o, -as, -a...)

Regular '-er' verbs (-o, -es, -e...)

Regular '-ir' verbs (-o, -es, -e...)

Locative adverbs (aquí, allí)

Question words (quién, cómo)

The verb estar (estoy, estás)

The preposition en (en)

Ser vs. estar

The verb tener (tengo, tienes)

Possessive determiners (mi, tu, su)

Origin and possession (de, del)

The verb ir (voy, vas)

Destination (a, al)

The personal 'a' (a)

Stem-changing verbs: e to ie

Stem-changing verbs: o to ue

Irregular first-person verbs

Reflexive verbs (me, te, se)

Numbers 1 to 10 (uno, dos, tres)

Numbers 11 to 20 (once, doce, trece)

Counting by tens to 100 (treinta, cuarenta, cien)

Compound numbers up to 99 (veintiuno, treinta y uno)

Days of the week (el lunes, el martes)

The family and the personal 'a' (a mi tío, a mi prima)

Months of the year

Telling time (es la, son las)

Verbs of liking (me gusta)

Plural agreement with verbs of liking (gustan)

Degree modifiers (muy, mucho)

Direct object pronouns (lo, la, los, las)

The near future (ir a)

Obligation (tener que)

Present continuous (-ando, -iendo)

Affirmative commands (tú, vosotros)

Basic Food and Drink

The Human Body: Head and Arms

The Human Body: Legs and Health

Wardrobe Essentials

Fresh Produce

Meals and Proteins

Public Transport

Hello and goodbye (hola, ¿qué tal?)

Thank you, sorry, OK (gracias, vale)

There is, there are (hay)

My building (la escalera, el ascensor)

Describing people (moreno, rubio, tímido)

Land and sea (el mar, el río, el norte)

Sightseeing (la plaza, la catedral)

Asking the way (cerca, a la derecha, todo recto)

In class (¿puedes repetir?)

Verb + infinitive (quiero comer, sé leer)

What's your name? (me llamo, encantado)

Phone, computer and email

Hundreds and thousands (doscientos, mil)

What do you do? (¿a qué te dedicas?)

Personal details (la edad, la fecha de nacimiento)

Me neither (también, tampoco, ni)

How much is it? (el precio, la vuelta)

What's the weather like? (hace sol, nieva)

Free time (el concierto, el tenis)

At the bar (¿qué vas a tomar?)

The Natural World

Demonstratives (este, ese, aquel)

Prepositions of place (encima de, debajo de)

Prepositional pronouns (para mí, contigo)

Ordinal numbers 1st to 10th (primero to décimo)

Adverbs of frequency (a veces, nunca)

Exclamations (¡qué...!)

Indefinite pronouns (algo, alguien)

Indefinite determiners (algún, ningún)

Indirect object pronouns (le, les)

Double object pronouns (me lo, te la)

Double object pronouns (se lo, se la)

Verbs of preference (encantar, interesar)

Impersonal obligation (hay que)

Starting and finishing actions (empezar a, terminar de)

Adjective comparatives (más que, menos que)

Comparatives of equality (tan como)

Noun comparatives (tanto como)

Irregular comparatives (mejor, peor, mayor, menor)

Question	Answer
you (formal, singular)	usted
the passport	el pasaporte
Sir, do you have the passport?	Señor, ¿tiene usted el pasaporte?
to need	necesitar
I need your passport, please.	Necesito su pasaporte, por favor.
the suitcase	la maleta
Madam, do you need the suitcase now?	Señora, ¿necesita usted la maleta ahora?
the reservation	la reserva
You have a reservation at the hotel.	Usted tiene una reserva en el hotel.
to sign	firmar
the document	el documento
Please, can you sign the document?	Por favor, ¿puede usted firmar el documento?
to carry; to take (someone or something somewhere)	llevar
You are carrying a very large suitcase.	Usted lleva una maleta muy grande.
you (formal, plural)	ustedes
Do you have the reservation for the hotel?	¿Tienen ustedes la reserva para el hotel?
You need the passports to travel.	Ustedes necesitan los pasaportes para viajar.
Are you taking the suitcases to the airport?	¿Llevan ustedes las maletas al aeropuerto?
Can you sign here, please?	¿Pueden ustedes firmar aquí, por favor?
You are tired, but the hotel is very beautiful.	Ustedes están cansados, pero el hotel es muy bonito.
Do you like the bedroom?	¿A usted le gusta el dormitorio?
Do you like to travel to Spain?	¿A ustedes les gusta viajar a España?
They are students, but you are doctors.	Ellos son estudiantes, pero ustedes son médicos.
You need to sign the document for the reservation.	Ustedes necesitan firmar el documento para la reserva.
double	doble
I want a double room, please.	Quiero una habitación doble, por favor.
Do you have a double room?	¿Tienen ustedes una habitación doble?
The double room is very expensive.	La habitación doble es muy cara.
the young lady / miss (form of address)	la señorita
Good morning, miss. Do you have a reservation?	Buenos días, señorita. ¿Tiene usted una reserva?
The young lady at the hotel is very nice.	La señorita del hotel es muy simpática.
Excuse me, miss, are you the owner?	Perdone, señorita, ¿es usted la dueña?

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