Learn Spanish (Spain): Señor, ¿tiene usted el pasaporte?

Because we are using the formal word for "you", which is usted. In Spanish, usted always uses the same verb endings as "he" (él) and "she" (ella). If we were talking to a friend, we would use the informal "you" (tú) and say tienes.

Is it required to say usted in this sentence?

No, you could just ask ¿tiene el pasaporte? However, because the verb tiene can mean "he has", "she has", or "you have", adding usted makes it perfectly clear who you are asking. It also adds an extra touch of formal politeness.

Why is usted placed right after the verb tiene?

In Spanish questions, it is very common to flip the normal word order and put the subject (like usted) right after the verb. You could say ¿usted tiene el pasaporte?, but putting it after the verb sounds more natural when asking a question.

Why does the sentence say el pasaporte (the passport) instead of su pasaporte (your passport)?

In English, we usually say "your passport", but in Spanish, it is very common to just use el or la (the) for personal items when it is obvious who the owner is. Since you are speaking directly to the man about his travel documents, el pasaporte is naturally understood to mean his passport.