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Spanish (Latin America)

In Spanish, verbs belong to three main groups based on how they end in their dictionary form (the infinitive): **-ar**, **-er**, and **-ir**. To talk about everyday actions in the present, you drop that ending and add a new one that matches the person doing the action.

Let's look at regular **-ar** verbs like **trabajar** (to work) and **estudiar** (to study).

### Conjugating -ar verbs

Here are the present tense endings for regular **-ar** verbs:

| Pronoun | Ending | Example: Trabajar (to work) |
|---|---|---|
| **yo** | -o | trabaj**o** |
| **tú** | -as | trabaj**as** |
| **él / ella / usted** | -a | trabaj**a** |
| **nosotros / nosotras** | -amos | trabaj**amos** |
| **ellos / ellas / ustedes** | -an | trabaj**an** |

### I and You (informal)

For **yo** (I), the ending is **-o**. For **tú** (you, informal), the ending is **-as**.

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### He, She, You (formal), and They

For **él** (he), **ella** (she), and **usted** (you, formal), use the **-a** ending:

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If you are talking about multiple people—**ellos**, **ellas** (they), or **ustedes** (you all)—simply use the **-an** ending:

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### We

When referring to "we" (**nosotros** or **nosotras**), the ending is always **-amos**. Notice that when you say "someone and I" (like *Mi abuelo y yo*), it counts as "we":

{{item:771492}}

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Regular -ar verbs

adjective

adverb

auxiliary verb

conjunction

determiner

expression

interjection

noun

numeral

prep

preposition

pronoun

sentence

verb

Definite articles and 'to be' (el, la, soy)

Masculine and feminine pairs (el hermano, la hermana)

Basic sentences and negation (no)

Indefinite articles (un, una)

Formal and informal you (tú vs. usted)

Plural pronouns and the verb to be (somos, son)

Making nouns plural (-s, -es)

Plural articles (los, las, unos, unas)

Noun gender exceptions

Adjective agreement

Invariable adjectives

State and location (estar)

Ser vs. estar

There is / there are (hay)

Hay vs. estar

To have (tener)

Possession (de)

Possessive adjectives (mi, tu, su)

Yes/No questions

What and who (qué, quién)

Regular -er verbs

Regular -ir verbs

Asking where (dónde, adónde)

How, when, and why (cómo, cuándo, por qué)

How much and how many (cuánto)

Days of the week

Going to a place (ir a)

Preposition contractions (al, del)

In and by (en)

With me and with you (conmigo, contigo)

Prepositional pronouns (mí, ti)

Conjunctions (y, o, pero)

Giving reasons (porque)

Stem-changing verbs (e to ie)

Stem-changing verbs (o to ue)

Stem-changing verbs (e to i)

Irregular yo forms (hago, salgo)

To know (saber vs. conocer)

Weather expressions (hace, está)

Desires and plans (querer)

Ability and requests (poder)

Obligations (tener que)

Expressing likes (me gusta)

Plural likes (me gustan)

Verbs like gustar (encantar, doler)

Very vs. a lot (muy, mucho)

Numbers 0 to 15 (cero, uno, dos…)

Numbers 16 to 31 (dieciséis, veinte…)

Numbers 30 to 1000 (treinta, cien, mil)

Months of the year (enero, febrero, marzo)

Seasons and dates (el dos de mayo)

Telling time (es la..., son las...)

Ordinal numbers 1st to 10th (primero, segundo, tercero)

Reflexive pronouns and verbs (me, te, se, nos)

Direct object pronouns (lo, la, los, las)

The near future (ir a)

The present continuous (estar + -ando, -iendo)

Near demonstrative adjectives (este, esta, estos, estas)

Medium demonstrative adjectives (ese, esa, esos, esas)

Comparatives of inequality (más / menos ... que)

Comparatives of equality (tan ... como)

Indefinite and negative pronouns (algo, nada, alguien, nadie)

Affirmative commands

Far demonstratives (aquel, aquella)

Possessive pronouns (el mío, el tuyo)

Shortened indefinite adjectives (algún, ningún)

Adverbs of quantity (demasiado, bastante)

Adverbs of frequency (a menudo, a veces)

Adverb formation (-mente)

Exclamations (¡Qué...!)

Irregular comparatives (mejor, peor, mayor, menor)

Relative superlatives (el más... de)

Adjective intensification (-ísimo)

Indirect object pronouns

Pronoun placement with infinitives

Double object pronouns (me lo, te la)

The 'se lo' rule (se lo, se la)

Impersonal statements (se)

Impersonal obligation (hay que)

Personal obligation (deber)

Starting actions (empezar a)

Finishing and quitting actions (terminar de, dejar de)

Repeating actions (volver a)

Continuing actions (seguir + gerundio)

Complex prepositions of place (encima de, debajo de...)

Question	Answer
always	siempre
to work	trabajar
early	temprano
I always work early in the office.	Yo siempre trabajo temprano en la oficina.
You work early in the hospital.	Ustedes trabajan temprano en el hospital.
to study	estudiar
the morning	la mañana
They study a lot in the morning.	Ellos estudian mucho en la mañana.
You always study in your room.	Tú siempre estudias en tu cuarto.
to use / to wear	usar
We always use the big computer.	Nosotros siempre usamos la computadora grande.
They use the phone early in the morning.	Ellas usan el teléfono temprano en la mañana.
to walk	caminar
My grandfather and I walk in the pretty park.	Mi abuelo y yo caminamos en el parque bonito.
You walk a lot in the city.	Tú caminas mucho en la ciudad.
to cook	cocinar
My father cooks in the new restaurant.	Mi padre cocina en el restaurante nuevo.
You cook a lot in the house.	Usted cocina mucho en la casa.
to rest	descansar
I rest on the sofa in the morning.	Yo descanso en el sofá en la mañana.
The doctors rest in the room now.	Los doctores descansan en el cuarto ahora.
to have dinner	cenar
We always have dinner early in the hotel.	Nosotros siempre cenamos temprano en el hotel.
He always has dinner in my friend's house.	Él siempre cena en la casa de mi amigo.
English (language)	el inglés
I speak Spanish and study English.	Hablo español y estudio inglés.
She does not speak English, but she studies a lot.	Ella no habla inglés, pero estudia mucho.
Chinese	chino
I speak Chinese and Spanish.	Yo hablo chino y español.
She is studying Chinese now.	Ella estudia chino ahora.
Chinese is an interesting language.	El chino es un idioma interesante.
French	francés
My friend speaks French.	Mi amiga habla francés.
I study French at school.	Yo estudio francés en la escuela.
We speak French at home.	Nosotros hablamos francés en casa.
German	alemán
The teacher speaks German.	El profesor habla alemán.
My brother studies German.	Mi hermano estudia alemán.
They study German in the morning.	Ellas estudian alemán en la mañana.
Italian	italiano
My grandmother speaks Italian.	Mi abuela habla italiano.
Italian is a beautiful language.	El italiano es un idioma bonito.
My sister studies Italian.	Mi hermana estudia italiano.
Japanese	japonés
My friend studies Japanese.	Mi amigo estudia japonés.
I always study Japanese early.	Yo siempre estudio japonés temprano.
The gentleman speaks Japanese.	El señor habla japonés.