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### Plural Nouns: Ending in a Vowel

In Spanish, making a noun plural is very similar to English. If a singular noun ends in a vowel (**a**, **e**, **i**, **o**, or **u**), simply add **-s**. (You will also spot the plural articles **los** / **las** and plural adjectives in these examples — the last section explains how they match the noun.)

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### Plural Nouns: Ending in a Consonant

If a singular noun ends in a consonant, add **-es** to make it plural.

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### Plural Articles and Adjectives

When a noun becomes plural, its articles and adjectives must also become plural to match.

The singular articles **el** and **la** (the) change to their plural forms:

- **el** changes to **los**
- **la** changes to **las**

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Adjectives follow the exact same rules as nouns: add **-s** if they end in a vowel, and **-es** if they end in a consonant.

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Making nouns plural (-s, -es)

adjective

adverb

auxiliary verb

conjunction

determiner

expression

interjection

noun

numeral

prep

preposition

pronoun

sentence

verb

Definite articles and 'to be' (el, la, soy)

Masculine and feminine pairs (el hermano, la hermana)

Basic sentences and negation (no)

Indefinite articles (un, una)

Formal and informal you (tú vs. usted)

Plural pronouns and the verb to be (somos, son)

Plural articles (los, las, unos, unas)

Noun gender exceptions

Adjective agreement

Invariable adjectives

State and location (estar)

Ser vs. estar

There is / there are (hay)

Hay vs. estar

To have (tener)

Possession (de)

Possessive adjectives (mi, tu, su)

Regular -ar verbs

Yes/No questions

What and who (qué, quién)

Regular -er verbs

Regular -ir verbs

Asking where (dónde, adónde)

How, when, and why (cómo, cuándo, por qué)

How much and how many (cuánto)

Days of the week

Going to a place (ir a)

Preposition contractions (al, del)

In and by (en)

With me and with you (conmigo, contigo)

Prepositional pronouns (mí, ti)

Conjunctions (y, o, pero)

Giving reasons (porque)

Stem-changing verbs (e to ie)

Stem-changing verbs (o to ue)

Stem-changing verbs (e to i)

Irregular yo forms (hago, salgo)

To know (saber vs. conocer)

Weather expressions (hace, está)

Desires and plans (querer)

Ability and requests (poder)

Obligations (tener que)

Expressing likes (me gusta)

Plural likes (me gustan)

Verbs like gustar (encantar, doler)

Very vs. a lot (muy, mucho)

Numbers 0 to 15 (cero, uno, dos…)

Numbers 16 to 31 (dieciséis, veinte…)

Numbers 30 to 1000 (treinta, cien, mil)

Months of the year (enero, febrero, marzo)

Seasons and dates (el dos de mayo)

Telling time (es la..., son las...)

Ordinal numbers 1st to 10th (primero, segundo, tercero)

Reflexive pronouns and verbs (me, te, se, nos)

Direct object pronouns (lo, la, los, las)

The near future (ir a)

The present continuous (estar + -ando, -iendo)

Near demonstrative adjectives (este, esta, estos, estas)

Medium demonstrative adjectives (ese, esa, esos, esas)

Comparatives of inequality (más / menos ... que)

Comparatives of equality (tan ... como)

Indefinite and negative pronouns (algo, nada, alguien, nadie)

Affirmative commands

Far demonstratives (aquel, aquella)

Possessive pronouns (el mío, el tuyo)

Shortened indefinite adjectives (algún, ningún)

Adverbs of quantity (demasiado, bastante)

Adverbs of frequency (a menudo, a veces)

Adverb formation (-mente)

Exclamations (¡Qué...!)

Irregular comparatives (mejor, peor, mayor, menor)

Relative superlatives (el más... de)

Adjective intensification (-ísimo)

Indirect object pronouns

Pronoun placement with infinitives

Double object pronouns (me lo, te la)

The 'se lo' rule (se lo, se la)

Impersonal statements (se)

Impersonal obligation (hay que)

Personal obligation (deber)

Starting actions (empezar a)

Finishing and quitting actions (terminar de, dejar de)

Repeating actions (volver a)

Continuing actions (seguir + gerundio)

Complex prepositions of place (encima de, debajo de...)

Question	Answer
many / a lot	mucho
They read many books.	Ellos leen muchos libros.
to see / to look / appear	ver
the (masculine plural)	los
the tree	el árbol
We see the trees.	Nosotros vemos los árboles.
the city	la ciudad
the hospital	el hospital
big	grande
The city has big hospitals.	La ciudad tiene hospitales grandes.
the (feminine plural)	las
the flower	la flor
Do you buy the flowers?	¿Tú compras las flores?
the animal	el animal
Do you see the animals?	¿Ustedes ven los animales?
the paper	el papel
We do not need many papers.	Nosotros no necesitamos muchos papeles.
The cities are big.	Las ciudades son grandes.
The dog and the cat are animals.	El perro y el gato son animales.
They have many flowers.	Ellas tienen muchas flores.
The doctors eat apples.	Los doctores comen manzanas.
The boys read the papers.	Los niños leen los papeles.
I do not see many trees.	Yo no veo muchos árboles.
The professors have big books.	Los profesores tienen libros grandes.
The girls need computers.	Las niñas necesitan computadoras.
They live in big cities.	Ellos viven en ciudades grandes.
The hospitals need doctors.	Los hospitales necesitan doctores.
the potato	la papa
I eat potatoes and bread.	Como papas y pan.
We have potatoes in the house.	Tenemos papas en la casa.