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Spanish (Latin America)

While most past participles end in **-ado** or **-ido**, some of the most common verbs in Spanish have irregular past participles. 

### Common irregular past participles

Here are the irregular forms you will use most often:

| Infinitive | Past Participle | English |
|---|---|---|
| **abrir** (to open) | **abierto** | opened / open |
| **decir** (to say/tell) | **dicho** | said / told |
| **escribir** (to write) | **escrito** | written |
| **hacer** (to do/make) | **hecho** | done / made |
| **poner** (to put) | **puesto** | put |
| **romper** (to break) | **roto** | broken |
| **ver** (to see) | **visto** | seen |
| **volver** (to return) | **vuelto** | returned |

### Using them with "haber"

You will frequently use these irregular forms with the helping verb **haber** (to have). When a past participle is used with **haber**, its ending is locked to **-o**; it does *not* change to match gender or number.

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### Using them as adjectives

Just like regular past participles, these irregular forms can also be used as adjectives to describe the current state of a noun. When used this way, they *must* change their endings (**-o**, **-a**, **-os**, **-as**) to match the noun they describe.

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Notice how *abierta* ends in **-a** to match the feminine noun *la ventana*, while *roto* ends in **-o** to match the masculine noun *el cristal*.

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Irregular past participles (hecho, dicho, visto)

adjective

adverb

auxiliary verb

conjunction

determiner

expression

interjection

noun

numeral

prep

preposition

pronoun

sentence

verb

Subject pronouns and the verb to be (yo soy)

Noun gender and definite articles (el, la)

Basic sentences and negation (no)

Indefinite articles (un, una)

Formal and informal you (tú vs. usted)

Plural pronouns and the verb to be (somos, son)

Making nouns plural (-s, -es)

Plural articles (los, las, unos, unas)

Noun gender exceptions

Adjective agreement

Invariable adjectives

State and location (estar)

Ser vs. estar

There is / there are (hay)

Hay vs. estar

To have (tener)

Possession (de)

Possessive adjectives (mi, tu, su)

Regular -ar verbs

Yes/No questions

What and who (qué, quién)

Regular -er verbs

Regular -ir verbs

Asking where (dónde, adónde)

How, when, and why (cómo, cuándo, por qué)

How much and how many (cuánto)

Days of the week

Going to a place (ir a)

Preposition contractions (al, del)

In and by (en)

With me and with you (conmigo, contigo)

Prepositional pronouns (mí, ti)

Conjunctions (y, o, pero)

Giving reasons (porque)

Stem-changing verbs (e to ie)

Stem-changing verbs (o to ue)

Stem-changing verbs (e to i)

Irregular yo forms (hago, salgo)

To know (saber vs. conocer)

Weather expressions (hace, está)

Desires and plans (querer)

Ability and requests (poder)

Obligations (tener que)

Expressing likes (me gusta)

Plural likes (me gustan)

Verbs like gustar (encantar, doler)

Very vs. a lot (muy, mucho)

Numbers 0 to 15 (cero, uno, dos…)

Numbers 16 to 31 (dieciséis, veinte…)

Numbers 30 to 1000 (treinta, cien, mil)

Months of the year (enero, febrero, marzo)

Seasons and dates (el dos de mayo)

Telling time (es la..., son las...)

Ordinal numbers 1st to 10th (primero, segundo, tercero)

Reflexive pronouns and verbs (me, te, se, nos)

Direct object pronouns (lo, la, los, las)

The near future (ir a)

The present continuous (estar + -ando, -iendo)

Near demonstrative adjectives (este, esta, estos, estas)

Medium demonstrative adjectives (ese, esa, esos, esas)

Comparatives of inequality (más / menos ... que)

Comparatives of equality (tan ... como)

Indefinite and negative pronouns (algo, nada, alguien, nadie)

Affirmative commands

Far demonstratives (aquel, aquella)

Possessive pronouns (el mío, el tuyo)

Shortened indefinite adjectives (algún, ningún)

Adverbs of quantity (demasiado, bastante)

Adverbs of frequency (a menudo, a veces)

Adverb formation (-mente)

Exclamations (¡Qué...!)

Irregular comparatives (mejor, peor, mayor, menor)

Relative superlatives (el más... de)

Adjective intensification (-ísimo)

Indirect object pronouns

Pronoun placement with infinitives

Double object pronouns (me lo, te la)

The 'se lo' rule (se lo, se la)

Impersonal statements (se)

Impersonal obligation (hay que)

Personal obligation (deber)

Starting actions (empezar a)

Finishing and quitting actions (terminar de, dejar de)

Repeating actions (volver a)

Continuing actions (seguir + gerundio)

Question	Answer
(auxiliary) have	haber
the mess	el desorden
Who has made this mess?	¿Quién ha hecho este desorden?
clumsy	torpe
I am very clumsy and I have broken the glass.	Soy muy torpe y he roto el vaso.
to spill	derramar
I have seen that you have spilled the juice.	He visto que has derramado el jugo.
The clumsy boy has not said anything.	El chico torpe no ha dicho nada.
You have put the dirty cup on the table.	Has puesto la taza sucia en la mesa.
the stain	la mancha
I have not seen the red stain.	No he visto la mancha roja.
to stain	manchar
I have returned and the cat has stained the sofa.	He vuelto y el gato ha manchado el sofá.
They have stained the letter that I have written.	Ellos han manchado la carta que he escrito.
the glass	el cristal
The window is open and the glass is broken.	La ventana está abierta y el cristal está roto.
to step on	pisar
You must not step on the broken glass.	No debes pisar el cristal roto.
to pick up	recoger
the piece	el pedazo
I have picked up a piece of the broken mirror.	He recogido un pedazo del espejo roto.
Have you seen the piece of the vase?	¿Has visto el pedazo del jarrón?
I want to pick up the mess that you have made.	Quiero recoger el desorden que has hecho.
The glass was broken and I want to pick it up.	El vaso estaba roto y quiero recogerlo.
the glue	el pegamento
I have put glue on the broken piece.	He puesto pegamento en el pedazo roto.
to glue	pegar
I want to glue the piece that has broken.	Quiero pegar el pedazo que se ha roto.
Where have you put the glue?	¿Dónde has puesto el pegamento?
I have not stepped on the broken toy.	No he pisado el juguete roto.
Someone has opened the door and has stepped on the stain.	Alguien ha abierto la puerta y ha pisado la mancha.
I was cleaning the mess that you have made.	Yo estaba limpiando el desorden que has hecho.
You have made a mess and have spilled the juice.	Tú has hecho un desorden y has derramado el jugo.
I have broken the glass, but I have glued the pieces.	He roto el vaso, pero he pegado los pedazos.
dead	muerto
The bird is dead.	El pájaro está muerto.
My phone is dead.	Mi teléfono está muerto.