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Spanish (Latin America)

### "You" in Spanish: Tú vs. Usted

In English, we just say "you" to everyone. In Spanish, there are two ways to say "you" to one person, depending on how formal you want to be.

### Informal You: Tú

Use **tú** when talking to people you know well, like friends, family members, people your own age, and children.

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### Formal You: Usted

Use **usted** as a sign of respect. You will use this with strangers, people older than you, or in professional settings (like talking to a doctor or a boss). You will often hear it paired with titles like *señor* (sir) or *señora* (ma'am). **Usted** pairs with the same verb form as *él* / *ella* — the last section shows how.

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### Matching the Verb

Because **tú** and **usted** are different pronouns, verbs will change their endings to match the one you are using. Notice how the verb drops its final *-s* when switching from **tú** to **usted**.

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Formal and informal you (tú vs. usted)

adjective

adverb

auxiliary verb

conjunction

determiner

expression

interjection

noun

numeral

prep

preposition

pronoun

sentence

verb

Definite articles and 'to be' (el, la, soy)

Masculine and feminine pairs (el hermano, la hermana)

Basic sentences and negation (no)

Indefinite articles (un, una)

Plural pronouns and the verb to be (somos, son)

Making nouns plural (-s, -es)

Plural articles (los, las, unos, unas)

Noun gender exceptions

Adjective agreement

Invariable adjectives

State and location (estar)

Ser vs. estar

There is / there are (hay)

Hay vs. estar

To have (tener)

Possession (de)

Possessive adjectives (mi, tu, su)

Regular -ar verbs

Yes/No questions

What and who (qué, quién)

Regular -er verbs

Regular -ir verbs

Asking where (dónde, adónde)

How, when, and why (cómo, cuándo, por qué)

How much and how many (cuánto)

Days of the week

Going to a place (ir a)

Preposition contractions (al, del)

In and by (en)

With me and with you (conmigo, contigo)

Prepositional pronouns (mí, ti)

Conjunctions (y, o, pero)

Giving reasons (porque)

Stem-changing verbs (e to ie)

Stem-changing verbs (o to ue)

Stem-changing verbs (e to i)

Irregular yo forms (hago, salgo)

To know (saber vs. conocer)

Weather expressions (hace, está)

Desires and plans (querer)

Ability and requests (poder)

Obligations (tener que)

Expressing likes (me gusta)

Plural likes (me gustan)

Verbs like gustar (encantar, doler)

Very vs. a lot (muy, mucho)

Numbers 0 to 15 (cero, uno, dos…)

Numbers 16 to 31 (dieciséis, veinte…)

Numbers 30 to 1000 (treinta, cien, mil)

Months of the year (enero, febrero, marzo)

Seasons and dates (el dos de mayo)

Telling time (es la..., son las...)

Ordinal numbers 1st to 10th (primero, segundo, tercero)

Reflexive pronouns and verbs (me, te, se, nos)

Direct object pronouns (lo, la, los, las)

The near future (ir a)

The present continuous (estar + -ando, -iendo)

Near demonstrative adjectives (este, esta, estos, estas)

Medium demonstrative adjectives (ese, esa, esos, esas)

Comparatives of inequality (más / menos ... que)

Comparatives of equality (tan ... como)

Indefinite and negative pronouns (algo, nada, alguien, nadie)

Affirmative commands

Far demonstratives (aquel, aquella)

Possessive pronouns (el mío, el tuyo)

Shortened indefinite adjectives (algún, ningún)

Adverbs of quantity (demasiado, bastante)

Adverbs of frequency (a menudo, a veces)

Adverb formation (-mente)

Exclamations (¡Qué...!)

Irregular comparatives (mejor, peor, mayor, menor)

Relative superlatives (el más... de)

Adjective intensification (-ísimo)

Indirect object pronouns

Pronoun placement with infinitives

Double object pronouns (me lo, te la)

The 'se lo' rule (se lo, se la)

Impersonal statements (se)

Impersonal obligation (hay que)

Personal obligation (deber)

Starting actions (empezar a)

Finishing and quitting actions (terminar de, dejar de)

Repeating actions (volver a)

Continuing actions (seguir + gerundio)

Complex prepositions of place (encima de, debajo de...)

Question	Answer
to speak / to talk	hablar
Spanish (language)	el español
You speak Spanish.	Tú hablas español.
Mr. / sir / gentleman	el señor
you (formal)	usted
Sir, you speak Spanish.	Señor, usted habla español.
to live / to be constantly (doing something)	vivir
in / on / at	en
Friend, you live in Mexico.	Amigo, tú vives en México.
Mrs. / ma'am / lady	la señora
Ma'am, you are from Colombia.	Señora, usted es de Colombia.
You do not have the car.	Tú no tienes el carro.
Sir, you do not have the computer.	Señor, usted no tiene la computadora.
Ma'am, you read a book in Spanish.	Señora, usted lee un libro en español.
Friend, you do not need the phone.	Amigo, tú no necesitas el teléfono.
You are the doctor.	Usted es el doctor.
You do not eat bread.	Tú no comes pan.
You live in the house.	Usted vive en la casa.
hello	hola
Hello, you are the doctor.	Hola, usted es el doctor.
Hello, you live in Colombia.	Hola, tú vives en Colombia.
sorry / excuse me	perdón
Excuse me, are you the doctor?	Perdón, ¿usted es el doctor?
Sorry, ma'am.	Perdón, señora.
goodbye	adiós
Goodbye, sir.	Adiós, señor.
Hello and goodbye.	Hola y adiós.
good morning	buenos días
—Good morning, ma'am. —Hello, good morning.	—Buenos días, señora. —Hola, buenos días.
Good morning, Mr. Díaz.	Buenos días, señor Díaz.
good afternoon	buenas tardes
—Good afternoon, sir. —Good afternoon.	—Buenas tardes, señor. —Buenas tardes.
Good afternoon, Mrs. García.	Buenas tardes, señora García.
good evening / good night	buenas noches
Good night, ma'am. Goodbye.	Buenas noches, señora. Adiós.
—Good night. —Goodbye.	—Buenas noches. —Adiós.
welcome!	bienvenido
Welcome, Mr. García.	Bienvenido, señor García.
Welcome, my friend.	Bienvenido, amigo.
I'm sorry	lo siento
I'm sorry, ma'am.	Lo siento, señora.
I'm sorry, Mr. García.	Lo siento, señor García.
excuse me (when passing by / taking leave)	con permiso
Excuse me, ma'am.	Con permiso, señora.
Excuse me, goodbye.	Con permiso, adiós.
pleased to meet you	mucho gusto
I am Ana. Pleased to meet you.	Soy Ana. Mucho gusto.
Pleased to meet you, professor.	Mucho gusto, profesor.