Question 1

Why do we use включена here instead of the regular past tense verb включила?

Accepted Answer

включила is an active verb meaning "she included", but here the service is receiving the action ("is included"). This requires the passive voice. When a past passive participle acts as the main predicate of a sentence, Russian uses the short form. It agrees with the feminine subject услуга, which is why it ends in -а.

Question 2

How is the exact form включена created?

Accepted Answer

It is derived from the perfective verb включить (to include). The full, long-form past passive participle is включённый. To make the short form for a feminine subject, we drop the adjectival ending and add -а. Notice that the stress falls on that final -а, which is a very common stress pattern for feminine short participles.

Question 3

English says "in the price", which sounds like a static location. Why do we use the accusative case в цену instead of the prepositional в цене?

Accepted Answer

Verbs of including or adding (like включить) imply an action directed into a category or amount. Because of this sense of figurative movement or transfer into something, Russian requires the preposition в followed by the accusative case, rather than the prepositional case used for static locations.

Question 4

Where is the word for "is" in this sentence?

Accepted Answer

Just like with regular adjectives and nouns, the present tense of the verb "to be" is completely omitted in Russian, even when using short-form participles to create the passive voice. If you wanted to say this in the past or future tense, you would explicitly add the helper verb: не была включена (was not included) or не будет включена (will not be included).

Эта дорогая услуга не включена в цену.

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