Questions & Answers about Pode repetir, por favor?
Why is there no word for "you" in this sentence?
In Portuguese, it's very common to drop the subject pronoun when the context is clear. Here, pode is the ele/ela/você (he/she/formal you) form of the verb poder (can). By leaving out the pronoun in a direct question, it acts as a polite, formal "Can you...?". Adding the word você can sometimes sound a bit too direct or unnatural in Portugal, so leaving it out is the best way to sound polite.
Why don't we need a connecting word like de or a between pode and repetir?
The verb poder (can/to be able to) is a helping verb. Just like in English where we say "can repeat" and not "can to repeat", Portuguese connects poder directly to the infinitive (unconjugated) form of the main verb. You never need a preposition between them.
How would I ask this same question informally to a friend?
In English we usually say "Can you repeat that". Why isn't there a word for "that" here?
You certainly can say Pode repetir isso, por favor? (Can you repeat that, please?), but it's not required. Portuguese speakers frequently drop the object of a sentence (like "it" or "that") when it's completely obvious from the situation. Simply asking Pode repetir? feels perfectly complete to a native speaker.
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