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### The perfect subjunctive

The perfect subjunctive (*pretérito perfeito composto do conjuntivo*) is used to talk about actions that may or may not have been completed in the past. It often follows the same triggers as the present subjunctive—such as expressions of doubt, emotion, or possibility—but refers to a past event rather than an ongoing or future one.

To form the perfect subjunctive, use the present subjunctive of the auxiliary verb **ter** and add the past participle of your main verb.

| Subject | Present Subjunctive of *ter* |
| --- | --- |
| eu | **tenha** |
| tu | **tenhas** |
| ele/ela/você | **tenha** |
| nós | **tenhamos** |
| eles/elas/vocês | **tenham** |

The past participle (usually ending in **-ado** or **-ido**) remains completely invariable; it does not change to agree with the subject in gender or number.

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### Expressing doubt and emotion about the past

Just like with the present subjunctive, expressions like *não acho que* (I don't think that), *é possível que* (it is possible that), or verbs expressing emotion require the subjunctive. When these apply to something that has already happened, you use the perfect subjunctive.

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### Irregular past participles

While most verbs have regular past participles, some common verbs have irregular, shorter forms. For example, *fazer* becomes **feito**, *pagar* becomes **pago**, and *gastar* becomes **gasto**.

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These are the standard past participle forms used with the auxiliary verb *ter* to build perfect tenses.

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The perfect subjunctive: formation (tenha...)

adjective

adverb

conjunction

contraction

determiner

interjection

noun

numeral

particle

phrase

prefix

prep

preposition

pron

pronoun

sentence

verb

Demonstratives and the verb to be (isto é, o, a)

Subject pronouns and negation (eu, não)

Yes/no questions and question words (quem, o que)

Plural pronouns, articles, and verbs (somos, são, os, as)

Origin and possession (de, do, da)

Introductions (chamar-se)

Indefinite articles (um, uma, uns, umas)

The verb to be for locations (estar)

Contrasting the two verbs to be (ser vs. estar)

Preposition for locations (em, no, na)

Numbers 0 to 10 (zero, um, dois)

The verb to have (tenho, tem)

Regular -ar verbs (falar, trabalhar)

Regular -er verbs (comer, beber)

Regular -ir verbs (abrir, partir)

My, your, and our (o meu, a nossa)

His, hers, and theirs (dele, dela)

Adjective agreement and placement

Days of the week (segunda-feira)

Months of the year (janeiro)

Counting by tens to 100 (trinta, quarenta...)

Telling time (é uma, são...)

Asking about time (quando, a que horas)

The verb to go (ir)

Prepositions of direction (a, para)

Preposition a contractions (ao, à, aos, às)

Prepositions of place (ao lado de, em frente de...)

Demonstratives (este, esse, aquele)

Contractions with demonstratives (neste, desse, daquele)

Asking which and how many (qual, quanto)

Plurals ending in -ão (-ões, -ãos, -ães)

Plurals ending in consonants (-ns, -is, -es)

The verb to like (gostar de)

The verb to need (precisar de)

The verb to want (querer)

The verb can or may (poder)

Expressing obligation (ter de)

Adverbs of degree (muito, pouco)

Quantifiers (muito, pouco)

Comparatives (mais... do que, menos... do que)

Equality comparisons (tão... como)

The preposition com (comigo, contigo)

Coordinating conjunctions (e, mas, ou, porque)

The preposition por (pelo, pela)

Double negation (nunca, nada, ninguém)

Present continuous (estar a)

Near future (ir)

Past tense of regular -ar verbs

Past tense of regular -er and -ir verbs

Past tense of ser and ir (fui, foi)

Direct object pronouns (me, te, o, a, nos, os, as)

Pronoun placement with negatives and questions

Greetings and courtesy (bom dia, obrigado)

Physical states with ter (ter fome, ter frio)

Asking the way (à direita, sempre em frente)

Colours (vermelho, amarelo, cor-de-rosa)

Money and shopping (custar, a moeda)

Getting around (o motorista, a paragem de autocarro)

Weather and seasons (faz calor, o inverno)

Omitting the subject pronoun

Where things are: ficar (Onde fica...?)

Richer questions: que + noun and é que

Numbers above 100 (cento e vinte, mil)

First-person sound changes (durmo, prefiro)

Advice and ability: dever and saber

Asking why: porquê and porque

When one thing happens: quando-clauses

Here and there: aqui, aí, ali (cá e lá)

Formal and plural possessives: o seu, o vosso

Irregular presents: ver, vir, dar

Present irregulars

Reflexive verbs (me, te, se, nos)

Stem-changing reflexives

Attached object pronouns (-lo, -la, -los, -las)

Nasal attached pronouns (-no, -na, -nos, -nas)

Pronoun placement with adverbs

Past tense of fazer, dizer, and trazer

Past tense of ter, estar, poder, and saber

Past tense of querer and vir

Past tense of ver, dar, and ler

Past tense reflexive verbs (-se)

Time elapsed in the past (há)

Question	Answer
the transfer	a transferência
I do not think that he has made the transfer.	Não acho que ele tenha feito a transferência.
to deposit	depositar
the cheque	o cheque
It is possible that they have deposited the cheque.	É possível que eles tenham depositado o cheque.
the loan	o empréstimo
the interest (financial)	o juro
We hope that the bank has approved the loan without interest.	Esperamos que o banco tenha aprovado o empréstimo sem juros.
the withdrawal	o levantamento
the amount	o montante
I regret that you have made the withdrawal of that amount.	Lamento que tu tenhas feito o levantamento desse montante.
the savings	a poupança
I hope that she has deposited the savings.	Espero que ela tenha depositado a poupança.
the instalment	a prestação
It is not possible that he has paid the instalment of the loan.	Não é possível que ele tenha pago a prestação do empréstimo.
the transaction	a transação
I do not think that we have approved the transaction of the cheque.	Não acho que nós tenhamos aprovado a transação do cheque.
I do not think that I have spent the savings.	Não acho que eu tenha gasto a poupança.
It is possible that you have paid interest on the transaction.	É possível que vocês tenham pago juros na transação.
I do not believe that they have allowed the withdrawal of the amount.	Não acredito que eles tenham permitido o levantamento do montante.
It is good that the bank has received the transfer of the instalment.	É bom que o banco tenha recebido a transferência da prestação.
The director thinks that we have already received the amount.	O diretor pensa que nós já recebemos o montante.
She gives you the cheque so that you make the withdrawal.	Ela dá-te o cheque para que faças o levantamento.