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Portuguese (Portugal)

### Stating Opinions (The Indicative)

When stating an affirmative opinion in Portuguese, use the indicative mood. Verbs like **achar que** (to think that) express certainty from the speaker's perspective, so the following verb acts like a normal statement of fact.

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### Expressing Denial (The Subjunctive)

When you make the phrase negative, the certainty is removed. Expressing doubt or denial with phrases like **não achar que** (not to think that) triggers the subjunctive mood in the second clause.

Notice how the indicative verb *é* (is) changes to the subjunctive **seja**.

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### Debating and Disagreeing

When discussing controversial topics, you will frequently use **concordar** (to agree) and **discordar** (to disagree). You can soften a disagreement by pairing it with **não achar que**, which forces the following verb into the subjunctive. Watch how *ter* (to have) becomes **tenha** and *compreender* (to understand) becomes **compreenda**.

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### Regular and Irregular Subjunctive Forms

Even opinion verbs like *concordar* take the subjunctive when following a phrase of denial. Observe how *concordar* becomes **concordem** (regular -AR verbs take *-e* endings in the present subjunctive), and the irregular verb *querer* (to want) becomes **queira**.

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Present subjunctive: Denial (não achar que)

adjective

adverb

conjunction

contraction

determiner

interjection

noun

numeral

particle

phrase

prefix

prep

preposition

pron

pronoun

sentence

verb

Demonstratives and the verb to be (isto é, o, a)

Subject pronouns and negation (eu, não)

Yes/no questions and question words (quem, o que)

Plural pronouns, articles, and verbs (somos, são, os, as)

Origin and possession (de, do, da)

Introductions (chamar-se)

Indefinite articles (um, uma, uns, umas)

The verb to be for locations (estar)

Contrasting the two verbs to be (ser vs. estar)

Preposition for locations (em, no, na)

Numbers 0 to 10 (zero, um, dois)

The verb to have (tenho, tem)

Regular -ar verbs (falar, trabalhar)

Regular -er verbs (comer, beber)

Regular -ir verbs (abrir, partir)

My, your, and our (o meu, a nossa)

His, hers, and theirs (dele, dela)

Adjective agreement and placement

Days of the week (segunda-feira)

Months of the year (janeiro)

Counting by tens to 100 (trinta, quarenta...)

Telling time (é uma, são...)

Asking about time (quando, a que horas)

The verb to go (ir)

Prepositions of direction (a, para)

Preposition a contractions (ao, à, aos, às)

Prepositions of place (ao lado de, em frente de...)

Demonstratives (este, esse, aquele)

Contractions with demonstratives (neste, desse, daquele)

Asking which and how many (qual, quanto)

Plurals ending in -ão (-ões, -ãos, -ães)

Plurals ending in consonants (-ns, -is, -es)

The verb to like (gostar de)

The verb to need (precisar de)

The verb to want (querer)

The verb can or may (poder)

Expressing obligation (ter de)

Adverbs of degree (muito, pouco)

Quantifiers (muito, pouco)

Comparatives (mais... do que, menos... do que)

Equality comparisons (tão... como)

The preposition com (comigo, contigo)

Coordinating conjunctions (e, mas, ou, porque)

The preposition por (pelo, pela)

Double negation (nunca, nada, ninguém)

Present continuous (estar a)

Near future (ir)

Past tense of regular -ar verbs

Past tense of regular -er and -ir verbs

Past tense of ser and ir (fui, foi)

Direct object pronouns (me, te, o, a, nos, os, as)

Pronoun placement with negatives and questions

Greetings and courtesy (bom dia, obrigado)

Physical states with ter (ter fome, ter frio)

Asking the way (à direita, sempre em frente)

Colours (vermelho, amarelo, cor-de-rosa)

Money and shopping (custar, a moeda)

Getting around (o motorista, a paragem de autocarro)

Weather and seasons (faz calor, o inverno)

Omitting the subject pronoun

Where things are: ficar (Onde fica...?)

Richer questions: que + noun and é que

Numbers above 100 (cento e vinte, mil)

First-person sound changes (durmo, prefiro)

Advice and ability: dever and saber

Asking why: porquê and porque

When one thing happens: quando-clauses

Here and there: aqui, aí, ali (cá e lá)

Formal and plural possessives: o seu, o vosso

Irregular presents: ver, vir, dar

Present irregulars

Reflexive verbs (me, te, se, nos)

Stem-changing reflexives

Attached object pronouns (-lo, -la, -los, -las)

Nasal attached pronouns (-no, -na, -nos, -nas)

Pronoun placement with adverbs

Past tense of fazer, dizer, and trazer

Past tense of ter, estar, poder, and saber

Past tense of querer and vir

Past tense of ver, dar, and ler

Past tense reflexive verbs (-se)

Time elapsed in the past (há)

Question	Answer
the argument	o argumento
valid	válido
I do not think that his argument is valid.	Não acho que o argumento dele seja válido.
false	falso
We think that the argument is false.	Achamos que o argumento é falso.
to agree	concordar
I agree with the professor, but I do not think that he has the solution.	Concordo com o professor, mas não acho que ele tenha a solução.
All the students agree that the excuse is not valid.	Todos os alunos concordam que a desculpa não é válida.
to disagree	discordar
You disagree with my idea. Why?	Discordas da minha ideia. Porquê?
the society	a sociedade
I disagree, and I do not think that the society understands the problem.	Discordo, e não acho que a sociedade compreenda o problema.
unfair	injusto
I do not think that the price is unfair.	Não acho que o preço seja injusto.
I had already said that everything is unfair.	Já tinha dito que tudo é injusto.
the impact	o impacto
controversial	polémico
I do not think that the impact of the crisis is controversial.	Não acho que o impacto da crise seja polémico.
They think that the new law is very controversial.	Eles acham que a lei nova é muito polémica.
We had not calculated the impact.	Não tínhamos calculado o impacto.
obvious	óbvio
I do not think that the error is obvious.	Não acho que o erro seja óbvio.
Do you think that the answer is obvious?	Achas que a resposta é óbvia?
I do not think that the rumor is false.	Não acho que o boato seja falso.
The society had lost hope.	A sociedade tinha perdido a esperança.
I do not think that they agree with us.	Não acho que eles concordem connosco.
He does not think that we disagree.	Ele não acha que nós discordemos.
I do not think that the society wants another war.	Não acho que a sociedade queira outra guerra.
to believe (formal)	crer
I believe so.	Creio que sim.
I don't believe he is coming.	Não creio que ele venha.
to lie (tell untruths)	mentir
He lies very badly.	Ele mente muito mal.
I don't think she is lying.	Não acho que ela minta.

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