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Portuguese (Portugal)

### Double past participles

In Portuguese, some verbs have two past participles: a **regular** form ending in *-ado* or *-ido*, and a shorter **irregular** form.

Choosing which one to use depends on the auxiliary (helping) verb:

- Use the **regular** form with **ter** (and **haver**) for active actions (e.g., someone had cleaned).
- Use the **irregular** form with **ser** and **estar** for passive actions or to describe states (e.g., the canvas is clean). Because irregular forms act like adjectives here, they must agree in gender and number with the noun they describe.

### Limpar (limpado vs. limpo)

For **limpar** (to clean), use the regular *limpado* with *ter* to show who performed the action, and the irregular *limpo* (which becomes *limpas* here to match *telas*) with *estar* to describe the resulting state.

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### Aceitar (aceitado vs. aceite)

For **aceitar** (to accept), use the regular *aceitado* with *ter*, and the irregular *aceite* with *ser* for the passive voice (when the subject receives the action).

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### Imprimir (imprimido vs. impresso)

For **imprimir** (to print), use *imprimido* with *ter*, but switch to the irregular *impresso* when describing the resulting state with *estar*.

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### Entregar (entregado vs. entregue)

Finally, **entregar** (to deliver) follows the same pattern: regular *entregado* for active tenses and irregular *entregue* for the passive voice.

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Double past participles

adjective

adverb

conjunction

contraction

determiner

interjection

noun

numeral

particle

phrase

prefix

prep

preposition

pron

pronoun

sentence

verb

Demonstratives and the verb to be (isto é, o, a)

Subject pronouns and negation (eu, não)

Yes/no questions and question words (quem, o que)

Plural pronouns, articles, and verbs (somos, são, os, as)

Origin and possession (de, do, da)

Introductions (chamar-se)

Indefinite articles (um, uma, uns, umas)

The verb to be for locations (estar)

Contrasting the two verbs to be (ser vs. estar)

Preposition for locations (em, no, na)

Numbers 0 to 10 (zero, um, dois)

The verb to have (tenho, tem)

Regular -ar verbs (falar, trabalhar)

Regular -er verbs (comer, beber)

Regular -ir verbs (abrir, partir)

My, your, and our (o meu, a nossa)

His, hers, and theirs (dele, dela)

Adjective agreement and placement

Days of the week (segunda-feira)

Months of the year (janeiro)

Counting by tens to 100 (trinta, quarenta...)

Telling time (é uma, são...)

Asking about time (quando, a que horas)

The verb to go (ir)

Prepositions of direction (a, para)

Preposition a contractions (ao, à, aos, às)

Prepositions of place (ao lado de, em frente de...)

Demonstratives (este, esse, aquele)

Contractions with demonstratives (neste, desse, daquele)

Asking which and how many (qual, quanto)

Plurals ending in -ão (-ões, -ãos, -ães)

Plurals ending in consonants (-ns, -is, -es)

The verb to like (gostar de)

The verb to need (precisar de)

The verb to want (querer)

The verb can or may (poder)

Expressing obligation (ter de)

Adverbs of degree (muito, pouco)

Quantifiers (muito, pouco)

Comparatives (mais... do que, menos... do que)

Equality comparisons (tão... como)

The preposition com (comigo, contigo)

Coordinating conjunctions (e, mas, ou, porque)

The preposition por (pelo, pela)

Double negation (nunca, nada, ninguém)

Present continuous (estar a)

Near future (ir)

Past tense of regular -ar verbs

Past tense of regular -er and -ir verbs

Past tense of ser and ir (fui, foi)

Direct object pronouns (me, te, o, a, nos, os, as)

Pronoun placement with negatives and questions

Greetings and courtesy (bom dia, obrigado)

Physical states with ter (ter fome, ter frio)

Asking the way (à direita, sempre em frente)

Colours (vermelho, amarelo, cor-de-rosa)

Money and shopping (custar, a moeda)

Getting around (o motorista, a paragem de autocarro)

Weather and seasons (faz calor, o inverno)

Omitting the subject pronoun

Where things are: ficar (Onde fica...?)

Richer questions: que + noun and é que

Numbers above 100 (cento e vinte, mil)

First-person sound changes (durmo, prefiro)

Advice and ability: dever and saber

Asking why: porquê and porque

When one thing happens: quando-clauses

Here and there: aqui, aí, ali (cá e lá)

Formal and plural possessives: o seu, o vosso

Irregular presents: ver, vir, dar

Present irregulars

Reflexive verbs (me, te, se, nos)

Stem-changing reflexives

Attached object pronouns (-lo, -la, -los, -las)

Nasal attached pronouns (-no, -na, -nos, -nas)

Pronoun placement with adverbs

Past tense of fazer, dizer, and trazer

Past tense of ter, estar, poder, and saber

Past tense of querer and vir

Past tense of ver, dar, and ler

Past tense reflexive verbs (-se)

Time elapsed in the past (há)

Question	Answer
the gallery	a galeria
Where is the gallery? It is located next to the museum.	Onde fica a galeria? Fica ao lado do museu.
the curator	o curador
the canvas	a tela
to damage	danificar
The curator had cleaned the damaged canvases.	O curador tinha limpado as telas danificadas.
Now, the canvases are clean and ready.	Agora, as telas estão limpas e prontas.
the restoration	o restauro
the sculpture	a escultura
The gallery had accepted the restoration of the sculpture.	A galeria tinha aceitado o restauro da escultura.
The sculpture was accepted for the new exhibition.	A escultura foi aceite para a nova exposição.
the catalogue	o catálogo
We had printed the catalogues in the office.	Nós tínhamos imprimido os catálogos no escritório.
The gallery's catalogue is already printed.	O catálogo da galeria já está impresso.
the portrait	o retrato
I had delivered the portraits to the curator.	Eu tinha entregado os retratos ao curador.
to restore	restaurar
All the restored portraits are delivered.	Todos os retratos restaurados estão entregues.
The halls became luminous.	Os salões ficaram luminosos.
Restoring a canvas is more difficult than restoring a sculpture.	Restaurar uma tela é mais difícil do que restaurar uma escultura.
The lighting damaged the restoration of the canvas.	A iluminação danificou o restauro da tela.
the masterpiece	a obra-prima
The millionaire had delivered the masterpiece to the museum.	O milionário tinha entregado a obra-prima ao museu.
The masterpiece was delivered to the director on Monday.	A obra-prima foi entregue ao diretor na segunda-feira.
the auction	o leilão
They had not accepted the sculpture in the auction.	Eles não tinham aceitado a escultura no leilão.
Tell him that the sculpture is accepted in the auction!	Diz-lhe que a escultura está aceite no leilão!
to inaugurate	inaugurar
The curator had already printed the catalogues to inaugurate the gallery.	O curador já tinha imprimido os catálogos para inaugurar a galeria.
When I inaugurate an exhibition, the catalogue is already printed.	Quando inauguro uma exposição, o catálogo já está impresso.