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Portuguese (Portugal)

### Rugby and Contact

Rugby (*o râguebi*) is a high-contact sport. In Portuguese, two similar-sounding expressions describe moving toward something, but they have completely opposite meanings: one is for meeting, and the other is for crashing.

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### Ao encontro de (Convergence)

Use **ao encontro de** when someone moves towards another person to meet, help, or agree with them. Because it ends with the preposition *de*, it contracts with following definite articles (**do**, **da**, **dos**, **das**).

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### De encontro a (Collision)

Use **de encontro a** when things physically crash or ideas clash. Because it ends with the preposition *a*, it contracts with following definite articles (**ao**, **à**, **aos**, **às**).

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### Surviving the Game

When players go *de encontro a* each other on the field, the result is usually a tackle (*a placagem*), knocking someone down (*derrubar*), or occasionally, someone bleeding (*sangrar*).

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Convergence and collision (ao encontro de / de encontro a)

adjective

adverb

conjunction

contraction

determiner

interjection

noun

numeral

particle

phrase

prefix

prep

preposition

pron

pronoun

sentence

verb

Demonstratives and the verb to be (isto é, o, a)

Subject pronouns and negation (eu, não)

Yes/no questions and question words (quem, o que)

Plural pronouns, articles, and verbs (somos, são, os, as)

Origin and possession (de, do, da)

Introductions (chamar-se)

Indefinite articles (um, uma, uns, umas)

The verb to be for locations (estar)

Contrasting the two verbs to be (ser vs. estar)

Preposition for locations (em, no, na)

Numbers 0 to 10 (zero, um, dois)

The verb to have (tenho, tem)

Regular -ar verbs (falar, trabalhar)

Regular -er verbs (comer, beber)

Regular -ir verbs (abrir, partir)

My, your, and our (o meu, a nossa)

His, hers, and theirs (dele, dela)

Adjective agreement and placement

Days of the week (segunda-feira)

Months of the year (janeiro)

Counting by tens to 100 (trinta, quarenta...)

Telling time (é uma, são...)

Asking about time (quando, a que horas)

The verb to go (ir)

Prepositions of direction (a, para)

Preposition a contractions (ao, à, aos, às)

Prepositions of place (ao lado de, em frente de...)

Demonstratives (este, esse, aquele)

Contractions with demonstratives (neste, desse, daquele)

Asking which and how many (qual, quanto)

Plurals ending in -ão (-ões, -ãos, -ães)

Plurals ending in consonants (-ns, -is, -es)

The verb to like (gostar de)

The verb to need (precisar de)

The verb to want (querer)

The verb can or may (poder)

Expressing obligation (ter de)

Adverbs of degree (muito, pouco)

Quantifiers (muito, pouco)

Comparatives (mais... do que, menos... do que)

Equality comparisons (tão... como)

The preposition com (comigo, contigo)

Coordinating conjunctions (e, mas, ou, porque)

The preposition por (pelo, pela)

Double negation (nunca, nada, ninguém)

Present continuous (estar a)

Near future (ir)

Past tense of regular -ar verbs

Past tense of regular -er and -ir verbs

Past tense of ser and ir (fui, foi)

Direct object pronouns (me, te, o, a, nos, os, as)

Pronoun placement with negatives and questions

Greetings and courtesy (bom dia, obrigado)

Physical states with ter (ter fome, ter frio)

Asking the way (à direita, sempre em frente)

Colours (vermelho, amarelo, cor-de-rosa)

Money and shopping (custar, a moeda)

Getting around (o motorista, a paragem de autocarro)

Weather and seasons (faz calor, o inverno)

Omitting the subject pronoun

Where things are: ficar (Onde fica...?)

Richer questions: que + noun and é que

Numbers above 100 (cento e vinte, mil)

First-person sound changes (durmo, prefiro)

Advice and ability: dever and saber

Asking why: porquê and porque

When one thing happens: quando-clauses

Here and there: aqui, aí, ali (cá e lá)

Formal and plural possessives: o seu, o vosso

Irregular presents: ver, vir, dar

Present irregulars

Reflexive verbs (me, te, se, nos)

Stem-changing reflexives

Attached object pronouns (-lo, -la, -los, -las)

Nasal attached pronouns (-no, -na, -nos, -nas)

Pronoun placement with adverbs

Past tense of fazer, dizer, and trazer

Past tense of ter, estar, poder, and saber

Past tense of querer and vir

Past tense of ver, dar, and ler

Past tense reflexive verbs (-se)

Time elapsed in the past (há)

Question	Answer
the rugby	o râguebi
violent	violento
Rugby is a very violent sport.	O râguebi é um desporto muito violento.
The field where we play rugby is located near the school.	O campo onde jogamos râguebi fica perto da escola.
the attack	o ataque
aggressive	agressivo
Our attack in this game was quite aggressive.	O nosso ataque neste jogo foi bastante agressivo.
In other words, the team could not stop the attack.	Por outras palavras, a equipa não conseguiu parar o ataque.
towards to meet	ao encontro de
The captain ran to meet the opponent to help him.	O capitão correu ao encontro do adversário para o ajudar.
I went to meet the coach to speak with him.	Fui ao encontro do treinador para falar com ele.
against (colliding with)	de encontro a
to collide	chocar
The player ran against the opponent and they collided.	O jogador correu de encontro ao adversário e eles chocaram.
I was distracted and I bumped into the coach!	Estava distraído e fui de encontro ao treinador!
In other words, the car crashed into the tree.	Por outras palavras, o carro foi de encontro à árvore.
the tackle	a placagem
to knock down	derrubar
It is good that he makes the tackle to knock down the opponent.	É bom que ele faça a placagem para derrubar o adversário.
It was a violent tackle, but he didn't manage to knock down anyone.	Foi uma placagem violenta, mas ele não conseguiu derrubar ninguém.
to bleed	sangrar
The boy started to bleed after colliding with the door.	O rapaz começou a sangrar depois de chocar com a porta.
It is possible that he starts to bleed after the tackle.	É possível que ele comece a sangrar depois da placagem.
I did not want the coach to be so aggressive with us.	Eu não queria que o treinador fosse tão agressivo connosco.