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Portuguese (Portugal)

### Reading a Portuguese Address

A Portuguese building starts at the **rés-do-chão** (ground floor, written *r/c*), may dig down into a **cave** (basement), and everything above counts *1.º, 2.º...*. **As escadas** (the stairs — usually plural) and **o elevador** get you up; **o teto** is the ceiling over your head.

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### Outside

**O quintal** is the Portuguese backyard — part garden, part orchard. **O portão** is the street gate (a big *porta*), and **a campainha** is the doorbell you ring at it.

### Renting

**Alugar** is to rent. The person who owns the flat is **o senhorio** (the landlord); the person paying is **o inquilino** (the tenant). **A residência** is a residence hall; **a pensão** is a cheap family-run guesthouse.

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A casa por fora (o elevador, a cave)

adjective

adverb

conjunction

contraction

determiner

interjection

noun

numeral

particle

phrase

prefix

prep

preposition

pron

pronoun

sentence

verb

Demonstratives and the verb to be (isto é, o, a)

Subject pronouns and negation (eu, não)

Yes/no questions and question words (quem, o que)

Plural pronouns, articles, and verbs (somos, são, os, as)

Origin and possession (de, do, da)

Introductions (chamar-se)

Indefinite articles (um, uma, uns, umas)

The verb to be for locations (estar)

Contrasting the two verbs to be (ser vs. estar)

Preposition for locations (em, no, na)

Numbers 0 to 10 (zero, um, dois)

The verb to have (tenho, tem)

Regular -ar verbs (falar, trabalhar)

Regular -er verbs (comer, beber)

Regular -ir verbs (abrir, partir)

My, your, and our (o meu, a nossa)

His, hers, and theirs (dele, dela)

Adjective agreement and placement

Days of the week (segunda-feira)

Months of the year (janeiro)

Counting by tens to 100 (trinta, quarenta...)

Telling time (é uma, são...)

Asking about time (quando, a que horas)

The verb to go (ir)

Prepositions of direction (a, para)

Preposition a contractions (ao, à, aos, às)

Prepositions of place (ao lado de, em frente de...)

Demonstratives (este, esse, aquele)

Contractions with demonstratives (neste, desse, daquele)

Asking which and how many (qual, quanto)

Plurals ending in -ão (-ões, -ãos, -ães)

Plurals ending in consonants (-ns, -is, -es)

The verb to like (gostar de)

The verb to need (precisar de)

The verb to want (querer)

The verb can or may (poder)

Expressing obligation (ter de)

Adverbs of degree (muito, pouco)

Quantifiers (muito, pouco)

Comparatives (mais... do que, menos... do que)

Equality comparisons (tão... como)

The preposition com (comigo, contigo)

Coordinating conjunctions (e, mas, ou, porque)

The preposition por (pelo, pela)

Double negation (nunca, nada, ninguém)

Present continuous (estar a)

Near future (ir)

Past tense of regular -ar verbs

Past tense of regular -er and -ir verbs

Past tense of ser and ir (fui, foi)

Direct object pronouns (me, te, o, a, nos, os, as)

Pronoun placement with negatives and questions

Greetings and courtesy (bom dia, obrigado)

Physical states with ter (ter fome, ter frio)

Asking the way (à direita, sempre em frente)

Colours (vermelho, amarelo, cor-de-rosa)

Money and shopping (custar, a moeda)

Getting around (o motorista, a paragem de autocarro)

Weather and seasons (faz calor, o inverno)

Omitting the subject pronoun

Where things are: ficar (Onde fica...?)

Richer questions: que + noun and é que

Numbers above 100 (cento e vinte, mil)

First-person sound changes (durmo, prefiro)

Advice and ability: dever and saber

Asking why: porquê and porque

When one thing happens: quando-clauses

Here and there: aqui, aí, ali (cá e lá)

Formal and plural possessives: o seu, o vosso

Irregular presents: ver, vir, dar

Present irregulars

Reflexive verbs (me, te, se, nos)

Stem-changing reflexives

Attached object pronouns (-lo, -la, -los, -las)

Nasal attached pronouns (-no, -na, -nos, -nas)

Pronoun placement with adverbs

Past tense of fazer, dizer, and trazer

Past tense of ter, estar, poder, and saber

Past tense of querer and vir

Past tense of ver, dar, and ler

Past tense reflexive verbs (-se)

Time elapsed in the past (há)

Question	Answer
the stairs	as escadas
The building's stairs are old.	As escadas do prédio são velhas.
I clean the stairs every day.	Limpo as escadas todos os dias.
We want to rent a small flat.	Queremos alugar um apartamento pequeno.
She rents the room to tourists.	Ela aluga o quarto a turistas.
the ceiling / the roof	o teto
The living-room ceiling is white.	O teto da sala é branco.
There is a light on the ceiling.	Há uma luz no teto.
the lift, the elevator	o elevador
The lift is not working again.	O elevador não trabalha outra vez.
The hotel has a new lift.	O hotel tem um elevador novo.
the basement, the cellar	a cave
The wine is in the cellar.	O vinho está na cave.
The building's basement is dark.	A cave do prédio é escura.
the ground floor	o rés-do-chão
I live on the ground floor.	Moro no rés-do-chão.
The shop is on the ground floor.	A loja fica no rés-do-chão.
the backyard	o quintal
The children play in the backyard.	As crianças brincam no quintal.
The backyard has a big tree.	O quintal tem uma árvore grande.
the gate	o portão
The garden gate is green.	O portão do jardim é verde.
Close the gate, please.	Fecha o portão, por favor.
the doorbell	a campainha
I ring the doorbell.	Toco a campainha da porta.
The doorbell does not ring.	A campainha não toca.
the landlord	o senhorio
The landlord lives near us.	O senhorio mora perto de nós.
The landlord wants the money today.	O senhorio quer o dinheiro hoje.
the tenant	o inquilino
The tenant pays in January.	O inquilino paga em janeiro.
The house where I live has another tenant.	A casa onde moro tem outro inquilino.
the residence hall	a residência
The residence hall is cheap and clean.	A residência é barata e limpa.
I live in the residence hall, near the school.	Moro na residência, perto da escola.
the guesthouse	a pensão
The guesthouse is near the station.	A pensão fica perto da estação.
The guesthouse is small and clean.	A pensão é pequena e limpa.

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