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### Three words you already know — in their other sense

**{{item:1014959}}** is *a row* (*rząd krzeseł*) — and *the government*. The political sense declines *rządu, rządowi, rządem, o rządzie*.

{{item:1014960}}

**{{item:1014962}}** is the formal *ladies and gentlemen / you* — and *the state, the country* as a political unit: *państwo polskie*, *państwa Unii Europejskiej*.

**{{item:1014965}}** is *a room* — and *peace*, the opposite of *wojna*.

{{item:1014966}}

### Power and parties

**{{item:1014968}}** — *power, authority*; in the plural, *władze* — *the authorities*. **{{item:1014971}}** — *a political party*. **{{item:1014974}}** — *the army*: *być w wojsku* (to be in the army).

{{item:1014972}}

### Conflict

**{{item:1014977}}** — *a protest*: *protest przeciwko* + Dative.

**{{item:1014980}}** — *fight, struggle* — and the verb **{{item:1014983}}**: *walczyć z* + Instrumental (against something), *walczyć o* + Accusative (for something — the card you met earlier).

{{item:1014985}}

**{{item:1014986}}** — *to die, to perish* (in an accident, in a war) — the perfective of *ginąć*; **{{item:1014989}}** — *victim*, and also *sacrifice*.

{{item:1014987}}

### State as condition

**{{item:1014992}}** — *state, condition*: *stan zdrowia* (state of health), *w dobrym stanie* (in good condition), and in history *stan wojenny* (martial law).

State and society (rząd, władza, pokój)

adjective

adverb

conjunction

determiner

interjection

noun

numeral

particle

predicative

preposition

pronoun

proper noun

sentence

verb

This is (to jest)

The verb to be, singular (być)

Formal address (Pan, Pani)

Demonstrative pronouns (ten, ta, to)

Adjective agreement

Negation (nie)

Basic questions (czy, kto, co, gdzie, jak)

The verb to be, plural (być)

Present tense -m/-sz verbs

Reflexive verbs (się)

Coordinating conjunctions (i, a, ale)

Feminine direct objects (Accusative)

Inanimate direct objects (Accusative)

Animate masculine direct objects (Accusative)

Present tense verbs 2 (-ę, -isz / -ysz)

Expressing location (w, na)

Locative adjective agreement

Professions and nationalities (Instrumental)

Accompaniment (z + Instrumental)

Present tense verbs 3 (-ę, -esz)

Plural possessives (nasz, wasz)

Numbers 1 to 10

Genitive of possession

Genitive of negation

Lack or absence (nie ma)

Basic quantifiers (dużo, mało, trochę)

Liking things (podoba mi się)

Modal verbs (móc, musieć)

Subordinating conjunctions (bo, że)

Unidirectional motion verbs (iść, jechać)

Expressing age (mieć... lat)

Habitual motion (chodzić, jeździć)

Expressing destination (do)

Days of the week (poniedziałek, wtorek...)

Plural nouns for objects and animals

Plural nouns for people

Plural adjective agreement

Accusative object pronouns (go, ją, je...)

The past tense of to be (był)

Singular past tense (-łem, -łam...)

Expressing age (mieć + lata / lat)

Plural past tense (-li / -ły)

Perfective past tense

Future tense (będę + infinitive)

Age: one year (mieć rok)

Prices and currency (złoty, grosz)

Destination (na + accusative)

Non-masculine plurals (-e, -y, -i)

Instrumental pronouns (ze mną, z tobą)

To know (znać vs wiedzieć)

The future perfective tense

The imperative mood

Months of the year (styczeń, luty)

Greetings and farewells (dzień dobry, cześć)

Introducing yourself (mam na imię)

Thank you and sorry (dziękuję, przepraszam)

Left, right, up and down (po lewej stronie)

Parts of the body (ręka, noga)

Parts of the day (dzień, noc, południe)

What is it like? (jaki, jaka, jakie)

Speaking Polish (mówić po polsku)

Instrumental for adjectives (dobrym, dobrą)

Please do... (proszę + infinitive)

Interests (interesować się + Instrumental)

Can one? (można, trzeba, nie wolno)

By bus or by train (jechać autobusem)

Where are you from? (jestem z Polski)

Where exactly? (obok, przy, przed, za, pod, nad)

What time is it? (Która godzina?)

Not seeing her (go, jej, ich; niego, niej, nich)

When I have time (kiedy as a conjunction)

Irregular past stems (miał, mieli)

The verb 'iść' in the past (szedł, szli)

Imperfective future (będę odpoczywał)

Past aspect (robił vs zrobił)

Future aspect (będzie malował vs pomaluje)

Perfective motion with po- (pójść, pojechać)

Arrival verbs with przy- (przyjść, przyjechać)

Departure verbs with wy- (wyjść, wyjechać)

The Vocative case (Panie, Mamo)

Plural possessives (moi, moje)

Reflexive possessive pronouns (swój)

Genitive plural of masculine nouns (-ów, -y, -i)

Genitive plural of feminine and neuter nouns

Genitive plural of adjectives (-ych, -ich)

Accusative plural of masculine personal nouns

Question	Answer
government (the cabinet)	rząd
The government announced a new plan.	Rząd ogłosił nowy plan.
The minister is a member of the government.	Minister jest członkiem rządu.
state, country (a political unit)	państwo
Poland is a large state.	Polska jest dużym państwem.
The state pays pensions.	Państwo płaci emerytury.
peace (the opposite of war)	pokój
Everyone wants peace, not war.	Wszyscy chcą pokoju, nie wojny.
After the war came peace.	Po wojnie przyszedł pokój.
power, authority (władze: the authorities)	władza
Who holds power in this country?	Kto ma władzę w tym kraju?
The authorities should listen to the citizens.	Władza powinna słuchać obywateli.
political party	partia
This party won the elections.	Ta partia wygrała wybory.
Which party is this MP in?	W jakiej partii jest ten poseł?
army, the military	wojsko
My brother is in the army.	Mój brat jest w wojsku.
The army helps people during a war.	Wojsko pomaga ludziom podczas wojny.
protest	protest
There was a big protest in the capital.	W stolicy był duży protest.
Students are organising a protest against the government.	Studenci organizują protest przeciwko rządowi.
fight, struggle	walka
The struggle for freedom lasted a long time.	Walka o wolność trwała długo.
It was a hard fight.	To była trudna walka.
to fight (walczyć z + Instrumental: against)	walczyć
The soldiers fought for a whole year.	Żołnierze walczyli przez cały rok.
Doctors fight the disease.	Lekarze walczą z chorobą.
to perish, to be killed (in an accident, a war) (perfective of ginąć)	zginąć
Two people died in the accident.	W wypadku zginęły dwie osoby.
Many soldiers died in the war.	Wielu żołnierzy zginęło na wojnie.
victim; sacrifice	ofiara
The victims of the accident are in hospital.	Ofiary wypadku są w szpitalu.
The police help the victims of crimes.	Policja pomaga ofiarom przestępstw.
state, condition (stan zdrowia)	stan
The patient's state of health is good.	Stan zdrowia pacjenta jest dobry.
What condition is this car in?	W jakim stanie jest ten samochód?

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