Passive participles as adjectives
Passive adjectival participles (like przebudowany — rebuilt, or zaprojektowany — designed) behave exactly like standard adjectives. They must agree in gender, number, and case with the noun they modify.
In the Nominative case, masculine adjectives take -y or -i, feminine adjectives take -a, and neuter adjectives take -e.
Describing states
Used with the verb być (to be), participles describe the state or condition of an object. They continue to act as adjectives and match the subject's gender and number.
Declining for case
Like all adjectives, passive participles decline through the grammatical cases to match their nouns.
For example, the Locative case is often used after prepositions of location like po (around/on), na (on), or w (in). Masculine and neuter locative adjectives take -ym or -im, while feminine locative adjectives take -ej.
When expressing a lack of something, Polish uses the Genitive case. For plural adjectives in the Genitive, the ending is -ych or -ich.
Participle phrases
Because participles originate from verbs, they can still be modified by adverbs or prepositional phrases. An entire descriptive phrase can be placed before the noun it modifies.
Plural agreement
Passive participles also agree in number. When modifying plural nouns in the Nominative case, they take standard plural adjective endings (such as -e for non-virile nouns like districts or objects).