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### Blaming with *przez*

To explain that something bad happened because of someone's fault, use the preposition **przez** followed by the **Accusative** case. While **przez** usually means "through," in this context it translates to "because of" or "due to."

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### Expressing incompetence and inattention

When pointing out negative traits like **niekompetencja** (incompetence) or **nieuwaga** (inattention), remember that feminine nouns ending in **-a** change to **-ę** in the Accusative case.

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Feminine nouns that end in a consonant, such as **nieostrożność** (carelessness), do not change their form in the Accusative.

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### Asking who is at fault and using pronouns

You can ask whose fault caused a problem by pairing **przez** with the interrogative pronoun **czyj** (whose) in the correct Accusative form, like **czyje** for neuter nouns.

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You can also point the blame directly at a person or a situation using pronouns like **niego** (him) or **to** (this/it).

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### Stubbornness, recklessness, and failures

Other negative traits that often lead to bad outcomes include masculine nouns like **upór** (stubbornness) and feminine nouns like **lekkomyślność** (recklessness). You will frequently use these with verbs describing ruined plans, such as failing a test (**oblać**) or missing an event (**przegapić**).

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Negative cause and fault (przez)

adjective

adverb

conjunction

determiner

interjection

noun

numeral

particle

predicative

preposition

pronoun

proper noun

sentence

verb

This is (to jest)

The verb to be, singular (być)

Formal address (Pan, Pani)

Demonstrative pronouns (ten, ta, to)

Adjective agreement

Negation (nie)

Basic questions (czy, kto, co, gdzie, jak)

The verb to be, plural (być)

Present tense -m/-sz verbs

Reflexive verbs (się)

Coordinating conjunctions (i, a, ale)

Feminine direct objects (Accusative)

Inanimate direct objects (Accusative)

Animate masculine direct objects (Accusative)

Present tense verbs 2 (-ę, -isz / -ysz)

Expressing location (w, na)

Locative adjective agreement

Professions and nationalities (Instrumental)

Accompaniment (z + Instrumental)

Present tense verbs 3 (-ę, -esz)

Plural possessives (nasz, wasz)

Numbers 1 to 10

Genitive of possession

Genitive of negation

Lack or absence (nie ma)

Basic quantifiers (dużo, mało, trochę)

Liking things (podoba mi się)

Modal verbs (móc, musieć)

Subordinating conjunctions (bo, że)

Unidirectional motion verbs (iść, jechać)

Expressing age (mieć... lat)

Habitual motion (chodzić, jeździć)

Expressing destination (do)

Days of the week (poniedziałek, wtorek...)

Plural nouns for objects and animals

Plural nouns for people

Plural adjective agreement

Accusative object pronouns (go, ją, je...)

The past tense of to be (był)

Singular past tense (-łem, -łam...)

Expressing age (mieć + lata / lat)

Plural past tense (-li / -ły)

Perfective past tense

Future tense (będę + infinitive)

Age: one year (mieć rok)

Prices and currency (złoty, grosz)

Destination (na + accusative)

Non-masculine plurals (-e, -y, -i)

Instrumental pronouns (ze mną, z tobą)

To know (znać vs wiedzieć)

The future perfective tense

The imperative mood

Months of the year (styczeń, luty)

Greetings and farewells (dzień dobry, cześć)

Introducing yourself (mam na imię)

Thank you and sorry (dziękuję, przepraszam)

Left, right, up and down (po lewej stronie)

Parts of the body (ręka, noga)

Parts of the day (dzień, noc, południe)

What is it like? (jaki, jaka, jakie)

Speaking Polish (mówić po polsku)

Instrumental for adjectives (dobrym, dobrą)

Please do... (proszę + infinitive)

Interests (interesować się + Instrumental)

Can one? (można, trzeba, nie wolno)

By bus or by train (jechać autobusem)

Where are you from? (jestem z Polski)

Where exactly? (obok, przy, przed, za, pod, nad)

What time is it? (Która godzina?)

Not seeing her (go, jej, ich; niego, niej, nich)

When I have time (kiedy as a conjunction)

Irregular past stems (miał, mieli)

The verb 'iść' in the past (szedł, szli)

Imperfective future (będę odpoczywał)

Past aspect (robił vs zrobił)

Future aspect (będzie malował vs pomaluje)

Perfective motion with po- (pójść, pojechać)

Arrival verbs with przy- (przyjść, przyjechać)

Departure verbs with wy- (wyjść, wyjechać)

The Vocative case (Panie, Mamo)

Plural possessives (moi, moje)

Reflexive possessive pronouns (swój)

Genitive plural of masculine nouns (-ów, -y, -i)

Genitive plural of feminine and neuter nouns

Genitive plural of adjectives (-ych, -ich)

Accusative plural of masculine personal nouns

Question	Answer
to ruin	zrujnować
laziness	lenistwo
Everyone knows that you ruined this project because of your laziness.	Wszyscy wiedzą, że zrujnowałeś ten projekt przez swoje lenistwo.
inattention	nieuwaga
Because of your inattention we ruined the whole dinner!	Przez twoją nieuwagę zrujnowaliśmy całą kolację!
Because of whose laziness is there no coffee in the office?	Przez czyje lenistwo nie ma w biurze kawy?
loss	strata
incompetence	niekompetencja
Our company has a big loss because of their incompetence.	Nasza firma ma dużą stratę przez ich niekompetencję.
Because of his incompetence there are no results today.	Przez jego niekompetencję nie ma dzisiaj wyników.
This is all because of him, and this loss is very serious.	To wszystko przez niego, a ta strata jest bardzo poważna.
carelessness	nieostrożność
to miss (an event, an opportunity)	przegapić
Because of my carelessness I missed an important message.	Przez moją nieostrożność przegapiłem ważną wiadomość.
Because of your carelessness there is no sugar left.	Przez twoją nieostrożność nie ma już cukru.
We missed the bus at half past one because of her laziness.	Przegapiliśmy autobus o wpół do drugiej przez jej lenistwo.
Because of the driver's inattention, everyone lost time.	Przez nieuwagę kierowcy wszyscy stracili czas.
stubbornness	upór
Because of your stubbornness we are not on the guest list.	Przez twój upór nie ma nas na liście gości.
She ruined this meeting because of her stubbornness.	Ona zrujnowała to spotkanie przez swój upór.
to fail	oblać
Yesterday I failed the exam because of laziness.	Wczoraj oblałem egzamin przez lenistwo.
Because of this you will fail this exam.	Przez to oblejesz ten egzamin.
recklessness	lekkomyślność
Because of recklessness she failed a difficult exam.	Przez lekkomyślność oblała trudny egzamin.
Because of whose recklessness are there no tickets?	Przez czyją lekkomyślność nie ma biletów?