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### Adjectival surnames (-ski and -ska)

Many Polish surnames end in **-ski** (or **-cki** / **-dzki**). These change endings based on gender: a man's surname ends in **-ski**, while a woman's ends in **-ska**.

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Because these surnames are originally adjectives, they decline exactly like standard Polish adjectives. For example, in the genitive case, **-ski** becomes **-skiego** for men, and **-ska** becomes **-skiej** for women.

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### Consonant surnames for men

Other common Polish surnames are nouns ending in a consonant, like **Nowak** or **Kaczmarek**. When these belong to a man, they decline like regular masculine personal nouns. Note that some names have a "disappearing e" in their declined forms (for example, **Kaczmarek** dropping to **Kaczmarka** in the genitive and accusative cases).

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### Consonant surnames for women (indeclinable)

When a surname ending in a consonant belongs to a woman, it is **indeclinable**. The surname never changes form, regardless of the grammatical case. 

You will still decline the title **pani** (Mrs./Ms.) to fit the grammar of the sentence, but the surname attached to it remains untouched.

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Masculine and feminine surnames

adjective

adverb

conjunction

determiner

interjection

noun

numeral

particle

predicative

preposition

pronoun

proper noun

sentence

verb

This is (to jest)

The verb to be, singular (być)

Formal address (Pan, Pani)

Demonstrative pronouns (ten, ta, to)

Adjective agreement

Negation (nie)

Basic questions (czy, kto, co, gdzie, jak)

The verb to be, plural (być)

Present tense -m/-sz verbs

Reflexive verbs (się)

Coordinating conjunctions (i, a, ale)

Feminine direct objects (Accusative)

Inanimate direct objects (Accusative)

Animate masculine direct objects (Accusative)

Present tense verbs 2 (-ę, -isz / -ysz)

Expressing location (w, na)

Locative adjective agreement

Professions and nationalities (Instrumental)

Accompaniment (z + Instrumental)

Present tense verbs 3 (-ę, -esz)

Plural possessives (nasz, wasz)

Numbers 1 to 10

Genitive of possession

Genitive of negation

Lack or absence (nie ma)

Basic quantifiers (dużo, mało, trochę)

Liking things (podoba mi się)

Modal verbs (móc, musieć)

Subordinating conjunctions (bo, że)

Unidirectional motion verbs (iść, jechać)

Expressing age (mieć... lat)

Habitual motion (chodzić, jeździć)

Expressing destination (do)

Days of the week (poniedziałek, wtorek...)

Plural nouns for objects and animals

Plural nouns for people

Plural adjective agreement

Accusative object pronouns (go, ją, je...)

The past tense of to be (był)

Singular past tense (-łem, -łam...)

Expressing age (mieć + lata / lat)

Plural past tense (-li / -ły)

Perfective past tense

Future tense (będę + infinitive)

Age: one year (mieć rok)

Prices and currency (złoty, grosz)

Destination (na + accusative)

Non-masculine plurals (-e, -y, -i)

Instrumental pronouns (ze mną, z tobą)

To know (znać vs wiedzieć)

The future perfective tense

The imperative mood

Months of the year (styczeń, luty)

Greetings and farewells (dzień dobry, cześć)

Introducing yourself (mam na imię)

Thank you and sorry (dziękuję, przepraszam)

Left, right, up and down (po lewej stronie)

Parts of the body (ręka, noga)

Parts of the day (dzień, noc, południe)

What is it like? (jaki, jaka, jakie)

Speaking Polish (mówić po polsku)

Instrumental for adjectives (dobrym, dobrą)

Please do... (proszę + infinitive)

Interests (interesować się + Instrumental)

Can one? (można, trzeba, nie wolno)

By bus or by train (jechać autobusem)

Where are you from? (jestem z Polski)

Where exactly? (obok, przy, przed, za, pod, nad)

What time is it? (Która godzina?)

Not seeing her (go, jej, ich; niego, niej, nich)

When I have time (kiedy as a conjunction)

Irregular past stems (miał, mieli)

The verb 'iść' in the past (szedł, szli)

Imperfective future (będę odpoczywał)

Past aspect (robił vs zrobił)

Future aspect (będzie malował vs pomaluje)

Perfective motion with po- (pójść, pojechać)

Arrival verbs with przy- (przyjść, przyjechać)

Departure verbs with wy- (wyjść, wyjechać)

The Vocative case (Panie, Mamo)

Plural possessives (moi, moje)

Reflexive possessive pronouns (swój)

Genitive plural of masculine nouns (-ów, -y, -i)

Genitive plural of feminine and neuter nouns

Genitive plural of adjectives (-ych, -ich)

Accusative plural of masculine personal nouns

Question	Answer
Kowalski	Kowalski
recruiter	rekruter
profile	profil
professional (occupational, by profession)	zawodowy
Mr. Kowalski is a good recruiter, but I do not know his professional profile.	Pan Kowalski jest dobrym rekruterem, ale nie znam jego profilu zawodowego.
Kowalska	Kowalska
contact	kontakt
industry	branża
Mrs. Kowalska has a lot of contacts in this industry.	Pani Kowalska ma dużo kontaktów w tej branży.
Zielińska	Zielińska
Mrs. Kowalska and Mrs. Zielińska have new professional profiles.	Pani Kowalska i pani Zielińska mają nowe profile zawodowe.
Zieliński	Zieliński
We do not see Mr. Zieliński's and Mr. Kowalski's profiles.	Nie widzimy profili pana Zielińskiego i pana Kowalskiego.
recommendation	polecenie
We do not have a recommendation for Mrs. Zielińska.	Nie mamy polecenia dla pani Zielińskiej.
We sent the recommendation to Mr. Zieliński.	Wysłaliśmy polecenie do pana Zielińskiego.
Nowak	Nowak
We did not invite Mr. Nowak, because we do not have a recommendation for him.	Nie zaprosiliśmy pana Nowaka, bo nie mamy dla niego polecenia.
Kaczmarek	Kaczmarek
I do not see Mr. Kaczmarek's profile.	Nie widzę profilu pana Kaczmarka.
I am talking with Mrs. Nowak about her professional profile.	Rozmawiam z panią Nowak o jej profilu zawodowym.
I will ask Mrs. Kaczmarek for a contact for this recruiter.	Poproszę panią Kaczmarek o kontakt do tego rekrutera.
Does Mr. Kaczmarek have a contact for Mrs. Nowak?	Czy pan Kaczmarek ma kontakt do pani Nowak?
Mr. Kowalski and Mr. Kaczmarek work in one industry.	Pan Kowalski i pan Kaczmarek pracują w jednej branży.