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In everyday Italian, the invariable pronoun *che* means "who," "whom," "that," or "which." In formal writing, official documents, and professional presentations, you can upgrade *che* to the stylistic pronoun **il quale**.

Unlike *che*, *il quale* consists of a definite article and the word *quale*, both of which must agree in gender and number with the noun they refer to. Because it shows gender and number, *il quale* helps clear up ambiguity in complex sentences.

| Number | Masculine | Feminine |
| --- | --- | --- |
| **Singular** | il quale | la quale |
| **Plural** | i quali | le quali |

*Il quale* and its forms can replace *che* as a subject or direct object. They often sit after commas to introduce extra, descriptive information.

For a masculine singular noun, use **il quale**.

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For a feminine singular noun, use **la quale**.

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For plural nouns, use **i quali** (masculine) or **le quali** (feminine).

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Because of its elevated register, you will constantly see this family of relative pronouns paired with formal, professional vocabulary.

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Formal relative pronouns (il quale, la quale)

adjective

adjective/adverb

adverb

conjunction

determiner

interjection

noun

numeral

preposition

pronoun

proper noun

sentence

verb

Definite articles and gender (il, la, l')

Indefinite articles (un, una)

Singular demonstratives (questo, questa)

Basic verbal negation (non)

Yes/No questions

Coordinating conjunctions (e, ma, o)

Regular plurals and definite articles (-i, -e, i, le)

Plural verb to be (noi siamo, voi siete)

Plural demonstratives (questi, queste)

Nouns ending in -e

Special singular articles (lo, l')

The plural article (gli)

Special indefinite articles (uno, un')

Demonstrative adjectives (quello, quella)

Adjective endings (-o, -a, -i, -e)

Expressing quantity (molto, poco, tanto)

The verb to have (ho, hai, ha...)

There is / there are (c'è, ci sono)

The preposition of (di)

Singular possessives (il mio, la mia)

Numbers 1 to 10 (uno, due, tre...)

Numbers 11 to 20 (undici, dodici...)

Numbers 21 to 100 (trenta, quaranta...)

Idiomatic avere (avere fame, avere anni)

Plural possessive adjectives (i miei, le mie)

Possessives with family members (mio padre)

Formal address (dare del Lei)

Present tense of -are verbs (-o, -i, -a)

Question words (chi, cosa, dove)

Present tense of -ere verbs (-o, -i, -e)

Question words (quando, come, perché)

Question word agreement (quanto, quanta, quanti, quante)

Regular -ire verbs

Verbs with -isc- (capisco, capisci, capisce)

Pronouns after prepositions (me, te, lui)

The verb fare (faccio, fai, fa)

The verb andare (vado, vai, va)

The verb stare (sto, stai, sta)

The verb venire (vengo, vieni, viene)

The verb uscire (esco, esci, esce)

Location and destination (a, in)

Origin and movement (da)

Articulated prepositions with a (al, alla)

Articulated prepositions with in (nel, nella)

Articulated prepositions with di and da (del, dal)

Simple prepositions (con, per, su, tra)

Articulated prepositions with su (sul, sulla)

Months of the year

Telling time (sono le...)

Dates (il + number)

Ordinal numbers 1st to 10th (primo, secondo, terzo...)

The verb to want (volere)

The verb can (potere)

The verb must (dovere)

The verb to know (sapere)

Reflexive verbs (mi lavo, ti lavi)

Indirect object pronouns (gli, le, ci...)

Expressing preferences (mi piace)

Plural preferences (mi piacciono)

Comparatives (più... di, meno... di)

The passato prossimo with avere (ho parlato)

Irregular past participles (fatto, letto, preso)

The passato prossimo with essere (sono andato)

Reflexive verbs in the past (mi sono svegliato)

Time adverbs with the past tense (già, mai, ancora)

Third-person direct object pronouns (lo, la, li, le)

First and second-person direct object pronouns (mi, ti, ci, vi)

The four seasons

Prepositions of place (vicino a, davanti a)

Conversational words (beh, allora, davvero)

Indefinite adjectives for some (qualche, alcuni)

Indefinite adjectives for every and all (ogni, tutti)

Indefinite pronouns (qualcosa, qualcuno)

Noun suffixes (-ino, -one)

Adverbs of manner (-mente)

Comparisons of equality (così... come)

The relative superlative (il più)

The absolute superlative (-issimo)

Irregular comparatives (migliore, peggiore)

Present progressive (stare + -ando, -endo)

Imminent actions (stare per)

The locative pronoun (ci)

The partitive pronoun (ne)

Pronoun placement with modal verbs

Impersonal subjects (si)

Prepositions of time (da, per, tra, fra)

Past participle agreement with pronouns

Question	Answer
the speaker, the presenter	il relatore
The speaker, who presented the project, is an expert.	Il relatore, il quale ha presentato il progetto, è un esperto.
the committee (organizing, executive)	il comitato
the survey, the investigation (f)	l'indagine
the outcome, the result (m)	l'esito
The committee analyzed the survey, which confirms the outcome.	Il comitato ha analizzato l'indagine, la quale conferma l'esito.
the measure	il provvedimento
the impact (m)	l'impatto
The group did not approve the measure, which will have a great impact.	Il gruppo non ha approvato il provvedimento, il quale avrà un grande impatto.
the regulation, the legislation	la normativa
the procedure	la procedura
The regulation, which explains the procedure, is new.	La normativa, la quale spiega la procedura, è nuova.
the parameter	il parametro
The parameters, which change the procedure, are very complicated.	I parametri, i quali cambiano la procedura, sono molto complicati.
the criterion	il criterio
The engineer evaluated the criteria, which are reliable.	L'ingegnere ha valutato i criteri, i quali sono affidabili.
The error, which caused the failure, is obvious.	L'errore, il quale ha provocato il fallimento, è evidente.
The rules, which reduce the speed, are fundamental.	Le regole, le quali riducono la velocità, sono fondamentali.
The interviews, which clarify the context, are useful.	Le interviste, le quali chiariscono il contesto, sono utili.
The devices, which connect the network, are innovative.	I dispositivi, i quali collegano la rete, sono innovativi.
Each specialist analyzed the parameters, which confirm the theory.	Ogni specialista ha analizzato i parametri, i quali confermano la teoria.
The director realized it: the scandal, which ruined the company, is real.	Il direttore se n'è accorto: lo scandalo, il quale ha rovinato l'azienda, è reale.
The committee listens to the speaker, who explains the outcome of the investigation.	Il comitato ascolta il relatore, il quale spiega l'esito dell'indagine.
The measure, which changes the criterion of the regulation, has a positive impact.	Il provvedimento, il quale cambia il criterio della normativa, ha un impatto positivo.

Contributors