Chinese (Mandarin)

Spanish

English

Hindi

Arabic (Modern Standard)

Portuguese

Bengali

Russian

Japanese

Punjabi

German

Javanese

Malay

Telugu

Vietnamese

Korean

French

Marathi

Tamil

Urdu

Turkish

Italian

Chinese, Yue / Cantonese

Thai

Gujarati

Chinese, Jin

Chinese, Min Nan

Dari

Farsi

Polish

Pashto

Kannada

Chinese, Xiang

Malayalam

Sundanese

Hausa

Odia

Burmese

Chinese, Hakka

Ukrainian

Bihari, Bhojpuri

Tagalog

Yoruba

Bihari, Maithili

Uzbek

Sindhi

Amharic

Fula

Romanian

Oromo

Igbo

Azerbaijani

Chinese, Gan

Dutch

Kurdish, Central

Kurdish, Northern

Kurdish, Southern

Malagasy

Lahnda, Saraiki

Nepali

Sinhalese

Chittagonian

Zhuang

Khmer

Turkmen

Assamese

Madurese

Somali

Marwari

Bihari, Magahi

Haryanvi

Hungarian

Chhattisgarhi

Greek

Chewa

Dakhini

Akan, Twi

Akan, Fante

Kazakh

Chinese, Min Bei

Sylheti

Zulu

Czech

Kinyarwanda

Marwari, Dhundhari

Haitian Creole

Chinese, Min Dong

Ilocano

Quechua

Kirundi

Swedish

Hmong

Shona

Uyghur

Hiligaynon

Mossi

Xhosa

Belarusian

Balochi

Icelandic

### The Supine of Strong Verbs

While weak verbs form the supine (*sagnbót*) using **-að** or **-t**, strong verbs typically take the ending **-ið**. For example, **fara** (to go) becomes **farið**.

{{item:990936}}

### Short Verbs

If a strong verb ends in a vowel rather than **-a**, the supine usually takes **-ð** instead of **-ið**. It often undergoes a vowel shift as well, so **sjá** (to see) becomes **séð**.

{{item:990934}}

### Stem Vowel Shifts

Strong verbs frequently change their stem vowel in the supine. Here are some common shifts:

- **a** to **e**: **taka** (to take) → **tekið**
- **i** to **u**: **finna** (to find) → **fundið**
- **jú** to **o**: **fljúga** (to fly) → **flogið**

{{item:990948}}

{{item:990949}}

{{item:990958}}

Other verbs, like **koma** (to come), follow the standard rule without a vowel shift, simply dropping the **-a** and adding **-ið** to become **komið**.

{{item:990954}}

Supine of strong verbs (sagnbót)

adjective

adverb

conjunction

determiner

interjection

noun

numeral

particle

phrase

prep

preposition

pronoun

sentence

verb

Presentative and the definite suffix (þetta er, -inn, -in, -ið)

Singular pronouns and to be (ég er, þú ert)

Singular adjective agreement

Yes/no questions (ert þú…?)

Basic negation (ekki)

Plural pronouns and to be (við erum, þeir eru)

Group 1 weak verbs (-ar)

Group 2 and 3 verbs (-ir, -ur)

Information questions (hvað, hver, hvar)

Expressing opinions (mér finnst, mér líkar)

Expressing desires (mig langar)

Numbers 1 to 10 (einn, tveir, þrír)

Direct objects on indefinite nouns

Direct objects on definite nouns

Singular object pronouns (mig, þig...)

Plural object pronouns (okkur, ykkur...)

Directional prepositions (um, í, á)

Verb-second word order

Expressing intentions (ætla að)

Needs and wants (þurfa, vilja)

Middle voice verbs (-st)

Possessive pronouns (minn, þinn)

Dative case with prepositions (í, á, frá)

Definite dative nouns (-num, -nni, -nu)

Dative personal pronouns (honum, henni, þeim)

Plural nouns (-ar, -ir, -ur)

Definite plural nouns (-nir, -nar, -in)

Accusative plural nouns

Number agreement 1 to 4 (einn, tveir…)

Singular commands

Past tense of the verb to be (var, vorum)

Present continuous (vera að)

Strong verbs in the present tense

Weather and dummy subjects (það)

Invariable possessive pronouns (hans, hennar, þeirra)

Accusative possessives (minn, þinn)

Accompaniment (með)

Dative plural (-um, -unum)

Compound sentences (og, en, eða)

"This" in the nominative (þessi, þessi, þetta)

"This" in the accusative (þennan, þessa, þetta)

Accusative adjectives (-an, -a, -t)

Numbers 1 to 4 in the accusative (einn, tvo, þrjá)

Third-person reflexive pronouns (sig, sér)

The preposition "to" with the genitive (til)

Subordinating conjunctions (að, af því að)

Simple past of weak verbs (-aði)

Question words (hvernig, hvaða)

Physical possession (vera með)

Abstract possession (hafa)

Telling time (hálf, korter)

Plural commands (-ið)

The simple past tense (-di, -ti, -ði)

Possessive noun endings (-s, -ar)

Days of the week (á mánudaginn, á mánudögum)

Kveðjur — greetings (halló, bless)

Um mig — where I am from

Kurteisi — please, sorry, congratulations

Ability and knowing how (kunna að)

Permission (mega)

Obligation (eiga að)

Plural strong verbs

Numbers 11 to 20 (ellefu, tólf...)

Counting by tens to 100 (þrjátíu, fjörutíu...)

Ordinal numbers 1st to 10th (fyrsti, annar...)

All / everything / everyone (allur)

The indefinite pronoun someone (einhver)

The indefinite pronoun no one (enginn)

Compound numbers from 21 (tuttugu og)

This in the dative singular (þessum, þessari, þessu)

These in the dative plural (þessum)

My and your in the dative (mínum, þínum)

Numbers 1 to 4 in the dative (einum, tveimur)

Adjectives in the dative singular (-um, -ri, -u)

Adjectives in the dative plural (-um)

Reflexive possessive in the accusative (sinn, sína, sitt)

Reflexive possessive in the dative (sínum, sinni)

Reflexive versus regular possessives (sinn, hans)

Demonstrative plural (þessir, þessar, þessi)

Definite genitive singular (-sins, -arinnar)

Indefinite genitive plural (-a)

Definite genitive plural (-anna)

Genitive prepositions (án, milli, vegna)

Prepositions of direction (yfir, undir, fyrir)

Prepositions of static location (yfir, undir, fyrir)

Question	Answer
We have recently gone on a trip to Akureyri.	Við höfum nýlega farið í ferð til Akureyrar.
the brochure	bæklingurinn
Have you seen the new brochure?	Hefur þú séð nýja bæklinginn?
the sightseeing tour	skoðunarferðin
They have gone on the sightseeing tour.	Þeir hafa farið í skoðunarferðina.
famous	frægur
We have been on a famous sightseeing tour.	Við höfum farið í fræga skoðunarferð.
the monument	minnisvarðinn
Have you seen the famous monument?	Hefur þú séð fræga minnisvarðann?
The girls have read about famous castles.	Stelpurnar hafa lesið um fræga kastala.
They have not found the famous monument.	Þau hafa ekki fundið fræga minnisvarðann.
He has never seen the monument in the city.	Hann hefur aldrei séð minnisvarðann í borginni.
the map	landakortið
We have taken the map with us.	Við höfum tekið landakortið með okkur.
Has the tourist read the map?	Hefur ferðamaðurinn lesið landakortið?
the luggage	farangurinn
I have taken the luggage into the hotel.	Ég hef tekið farangurinn inn á hótelið.
Have the boys found the luggage?	Hafa strákarnir fundið farangurinn?
the train ticket	lestarmiðinn
She has found the train tickets for the trip.	Hún hefur fundið lestarmiðana fyrir ferðina.
Have you taken my train ticket?	Hefur þú tekið lestarmiðann minn?
the carriage	vagninn
We have come from the carriage.	Við höfum komið úr vagninum.
before (adverb)	áður
The guide has sat in the carriage before.	Leiðsögumaðurinn hefur setið í vagninum áður.
Have you gone to Spain before?	Hefur þú farið til Spánar áður?
They have never flown before.	Þau hafa aldrei flogið áður.
The teacher has read the new brochures.	Kennarinn hefur lesið nýju bæklingana.
I have seen the brochure about the sightseeing tour.	Ég hef séð bæklinginn um skoðunarferðina.
recent	nýlegur
We have gone on a recent trip.	Við höfum farið í nýlega ferð.
I have taken a recent bus.	Ég hef tekið nýlega rútu.