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Icelandic

The genitive case expresses possession, similar to adding "'s" or using "of the" in English. In Icelandic, the word for the owner usually comes *after* the thing they own.

When the owning noun is **definite**, both the noun and its attached article take the genitive form.

| Gender | Definite Genitive Ending | Example |
|---|---|---|
| Masculine | **-sins** | *sjúklingsins* (the patient's) |
| Neuter | **-sins** | *sársins* (of the wound) |
| Feminine | **-arinnar** | *rannsóknarinnar* (of the examination) |

### Masculine and Neuter: -sins

For most masculine and neuter nouns, the genitive singular adds **-s**. With the definite article (**-ins**), this combined ending becomes **-sins**.

Notice how the owned object (*höfuð*) comes before the possessor (*sjúklingsins*):

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### Feminine: -arinnar

Many feminine nouns form the genitive singular by adding **-ar**. With the definite article (**-innar**), this combined ending becomes **-arinnar**.

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Definite genitive singular (-sins, -arinnar)

adjective

adverb

conjunction

determiner

interjection

noun

numeral

particle

phrase

prep

preposition

pronoun

sentence

verb

Presentative and the definite suffix (þetta er, -inn, -in, -ið)

Singular pronouns and to be (ég er, þú ert)

Singular adjective agreement

Yes/no questions (ert þú…?)

Basic negation (ekki)

Plural pronouns and to be (við erum, þeir eru)

Group 1 weak verbs (-ar)

Group 2 and 3 verbs (-ir, -ur)

Information questions (hvað, hver, hvar)

Expressing opinions (mér finnst, mér líkar)

Expressing desires (mig langar)

Numbers 1 to 10 (einn, tveir, þrír)

Direct objects on indefinite nouns

Direct objects on definite nouns

Singular object pronouns (mig, þig...)

Plural object pronouns (okkur, ykkur...)

Directional prepositions (um, í, á)

Verb-second word order

Expressing intentions (ætla að)

Needs and wants (þurfa, vilja)

Middle voice verbs (-st)

Possessive pronouns (minn, þinn)

Dative case with prepositions (í, á, frá)

Definite dative nouns (-num, -nni, -nu)

Dative personal pronouns (honum, henni, þeim)

Plural nouns (-ar, -ir, -ur)

Definite plural nouns (-nir, -nar, -in)

Accusative plural nouns

Number agreement 1 to 4 (einn, tveir…)

Singular commands

Past tense of the verb to be (var, vorum)

Present continuous (vera að)

Strong verbs in the present tense

Weather and dummy subjects (það)

Invariable possessive pronouns (hans, hennar, þeirra)

Accusative possessives (minn, þinn)

Accompaniment (með)

Dative plural (-um, -unum)

Compound sentences (og, en, eða)

"This" in the nominative (þessi, þessi, þetta)

"This" in the accusative (þennan, þessa, þetta)

Accusative adjectives (-an, -a, -t)

Numbers 1 to 4 in the accusative (einn, tvo, þrjá)

Third-person reflexive pronouns (sig, sér)

The preposition "to" with the genitive (til)

Subordinating conjunctions (að, af því að)

Simple past of weak verbs (-aði)

Question words (hvernig, hvaða)

Physical possession (vera með)

Abstract possession (hafa)

Telling time (hálf, korter)

Plural commands (-ið)

The simple past tense (-di, -ti, -ði)

Possessive noun endings (-s, -ar)

Days of the week (á mánudaginn, á mánudögum)

Kveðjur — greetings (halló, bless)

Um mig — where I am from

Kurteisi — please, sorry, congratulations

Ability and knowing how (kunna að)

Permission (mega)

Obligation (eiga að)

Plural strong verbs

Numbers 11 to 20 (ellefu, tólf...)

Counting by tens to 100 (þrjátíu, fjörutíu...)

Ordinal numbers 1st to 10th (fyrsti, annar...)

All / everything / everyone (allur)

The indefinite pronoun someone (einhver)

The indefinite pronoun no one (enginn)

Compound numbers from 21 (tuttugu og)

This in the dative singular (þessum, þessari, þessu)

These in the dative plural (þessum)

My and your in the dative (mínum, þínum)

Numbers 1 to 4 in the dative (einum, tveimur)

Adjectives in the dative singular (-um, -ri, -u)

Adjectives in the dative plural (-um)

Reflexive possessive in the accusative (sinn, sína, sitt)

Reflexive possessive in the dative (sínum, sinni)

Reflexive versus regular possessives (sinn, hans)

Demonstrative plural (þessir, þessar, þessi)

Indefinite genitive plural (-a)

Definite genitive plural (-anna)

Genitive prepositions (án, milli, vegna)

Prepositions of direction (yfir, undir, fyrir)

Prepositions of static location (yfir, undir, fyrir)

Weak adjectives in the nominative (-i, -a, -a)

Question	Answer
the head	höfuðið
the patient	sjúklingurinn
The doctor examines the patient's head.	Læknirinn skoðar höfuð sjúklingsins.
Is the patient sick?	Er sjúklingurinn veikur?
the nurse	hjúkrunarfræðingurinn
the wound	sárið
The nurse cleans the patient's wound.	Hjúkrunarfræðingurinn þrífur sár sjúklingsins.
The doctor examined the color of the wound.	Læknirinn skoðaði lit sársins.
the chest	brjóstið
The doctor listens to the patient's chest.	Læknirinn hlustar á brjóst sjúklingsins.
The nurse measures the patient's temperature.	Hjúkrunarfræðingurinn mælir hita sjúklingsins.
the blood	blóðið
the arm	handleggurinn
The nurse takes blood from the patient's arm.	Hjúkrunarfræðingurinn tekur blóð úr handlegg sjúklingsins.
The nurse cleans the blood off the floor.	Hjúkrunarfræðingurinn þrífur blóðið af gólfinu.
Does the doctor ask about the reason for the problem?	Spyr læknirinn um ástæðu vandamálsins?
The nurse measures the size of the head.	Hjúkrunarfræðingurinn mælir stærð höfuðsins.
The doctor fixed the arm yesterday.	Læknirinn lagaði handlegginn í gær.
The patient gets the doctor's answer.	Sjúklingurinn fær svar læknisins.
the examination	rannsóknin
The examination is very important.	Rannsóknin er mjög mikilvæg.
the treatment	meðferðin
Does the treatment start tomorrow?	Byrjar meðferðin á morgun?
The patient does not remember the time of the treatment.	Sjúklingurinn man ekki tíma meðferðarinnar.
the back	bakið
The doctor examines the back.	Læknirinn skoðar bakið.
The patient's doctor examines the back and the chest.	Læknir sjúklingsins skoðar bakið og brjóstið.
The purpose of the examination is important.	Tilgangur rannsóknarinnar er mikilvægur.
the land, the country	landið
The land is big and cold.	Landið er stórt og kalt.
My country is beautiful.	Landið mitt er fallegt.

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