Arkadaşımı istasyonda uğurladıktan sonra eve gideceğim.

Because it is the direct object of uğurlamak and it is definite/specific.

• arkadaş = friend
• arkadaşım = my friend
• arkadaşımı = my friend as the direct object

The ending -ı / -i / -u / -ü is the accusative case, and after a possessive ending, Turkish often adds a buffer consonant too:

• arkadaşım = my friend
• arkadaşım-ı = my friend (object)

So Arkadaşımı uğurladıktan sonra... means After seeing off my friend...

istasyonda means at the station or in the station.

It is:

• istasyon = station
• istasyonda = at/in the station

The ending -da / -de / -ta / -te is the locative case, used for location.

So:

• evde = at home
• okulda = at school
• istasyonda = at the station

Here it tells you where the action of seeing off the friend happens.

This is a very common Turkish structure meaning after doing something.

It is built like this:

• verb stem
• -DIK
• ablative -tan / -ten / -dan / -den
• sonra

So:

• uğurlamak = to see off
• uğurladıktan sonra = after seeing off

In this sentence:

• Arkadaşımı istasyonda uğurladıktan sonra eve gideceğim.
• After seeing off my friend at the station, I will go home.

This structure is equivalent to English after + verb-ing or after I do/did..., depending on context.

Good question. In uğurladıktan sonra, the -dık part is not a normal past tense verb here.

It is part of a non-finite subordinate structure used to mean after doing.

So even though you see something that looks like past tense, the whole expression does not mean simple past by itself. It just links actions:

• first action: seeing off my friend
• second action: I will go home

The sentence is future overall because of gideceğim.

A natural way to understand it is:

• After I see off my friend at the station, I will go home.

Because Turkish often drops subject pronouns when the verb already shows the person.

Here:

• gideceğim = I will go

The ending -eceğim / -acağım already tells you the subject is I.

So Turkish usually does not need ben unless you want emphasis:

• Eve gideceğim. = I will go home.
• Ben eve gideceğim. = I will go home. / I’m the one who will go home.

The same subject is also understood for the first action: I will see off my friend.

gideceğim means I will go.

It comes from:

• gitmek = to go
• stem: gid- in this form
• future suffix: -ecek / -acak
• 1st person singular ending: -im / -ım / -um / -üm, which appears here as part of -eceğim

So:

• gid-ecek-im → gideceğim

This is the future tense, first person singular.

Examples:

• gideceğim = I will go
• gideceksin = you will go
• gidecek = he/she/it will go

Because eve means to home / homeward, showing direction, while evde means at home, showing location.

• ev = house/home
• eve = to home
• evde = at home

The ending -e / -a is the dative case, often used for movement toward a place.

Compare:

• Eve gidiyorum. = I am going home.
• Evde kalıyorum. = I am staying at home.

So in your sentence, eve gideceğim means I will go home.

Because the Turkish pattern is literally after doing X = X-dıktan sonra.

So the order is:

• verb-based form first: uğurladıktan
• then sonra = after

This is the fixed, natural structure in Turkish:

• yemek yedikten sonra = after eating
• geldikten sonra = after coming
• bitirdikten sonra = after finishing

So uğurladıktan sonra is the normal way to say after seeing off.

Yes, Turkish word order is flexible, although some orders sound more neutral than others.

The given sentence is very natural:

• Arkadaşımı istasyonda uğurladıktan sonra eve gideceğim.

You could also say:

• Eve, arkadaşımı istasyonda uğurladıktan sonra gideceğim.

But this sounds more marked or emphatic.

The original sentence is the most neutral and smooth version:

1. subordinate action first: after seeing off my friend at the station
2. main action second: I will go home

That order is very common in Turkish.

Not exactly. uğurlamak usually means to see someone off, to send someone off, or to accompany someone when they leave.

It is often used when you go with someone to the station, airport, bus stop, door, etc., and say goodbye as they depart.

So in this sentence, it suggests more than just saying bye. It suggests something like:

• accompanying your friend to the station
• seeing them off there
• then going home afterward

That is why uğurlamak is a very natural verb here.

In isolation, the uğurladıktan sonra part itself does not fix the time completely. The main verb usually tells you the overall time frame.

Here the main verb is future:

• gideceğim = I will go

So the natural meaning is:

• After I see off my friend at the station, I will go home.

In a different sentence, the same structure could be used with a past main verb:

• Arkadaşımı istasyonda uğurladıktan sonra eve gittim.
• After seeing off my friend at the station, I went home.

So the subordinate part stays similar, and the main verb decides the time of the whole sentence.