Learn Hardcore Turkish: Bahar gelince göl suyu daha berrak olur. - When spring comes, the lake water becomes clearer.

-ince is a temporal subordinate‐clause suffix attached directly to the verb stem (gel- + -ince = gelince). It corresponds to English “when” or “as soon as”, indicating that once the action in the subordinate clause happens, the main clause follows. So Bahar gelince means “when spring comes.”

Could we use geldiğinde instead of gelince? How are they different?

Both gelince and geldiğinde can mean “when (something) comes”, but:

-ince attaches to the bare stem (gel-) and often implies immediacy or a natural sequence.
-diğinde attaches to the past stem (geldi-) plus -ğinde, sounding a bit more formal or descriptive. In everyday speech, gelince is more compact. Geldiğinde is interchangeable but slightly more explicit.

Why is it göl suyu instead of gölün suyu?

Turkish allows noun-noun compounds where the first noun directly modifies the second.

göl suyu = “lake water” (general, unmarked compound)
gölün suyu = “the water of the lake” (explicit genitive)
Both are correct. göl suyu is more concise and common for general statements.

What role does daha play in daha berrak?

daha is the comparative adverb meaning “more.” When you want to say “clearer”, you place daha before the adjective:
daha + berrak = “more clear” → “clearer.”

What exactly does olur mean here?

olur is the 3rd-person singular simple-present form of olmak. In this context it means “becomes.” So göl suyu daha berrak olur translates as “the lake water becomes clearer.”

Why is the verb in the simple present (olur) and not the present continuous (oluyor)?

In Turkish, the simple present expresses habitual actions or general truths. Here it describes what always happens: every time spring arrives, the water becomes clearer.
Using oluyor (present continuous) would suggest a single ongoing process: “(Right now) the lake water is becoming clearer,” which changes the meaning.

Is a comma needed after Bahar gelince?

Turkish subordinating clauses often come before the main clause without a comma, and that’s perfectly grammatical. You may insert a comma (Bahar gelince, göl suyu…) for clarity in longer sentences, but it’s optional in a short sentence like this.

Why isn’t there a pronoun like it in the sentence?

Turkish verbs are conjugated for person, so the subject pronoun is usually omitted when it’s clear. Here the explicit noun göl suyu is the subject, and the 3rd-person-singular ending of olur already marks that, so no extra pronoun is needed.