La luna está llena esta noche.

In Spanish, it is very common to use the definite article with nouns that in English often appear without one.

So Spanish normally says:

• la luna = the moon
• el sol = the sun
• la Tierra = the Earth

Leaving out la here would sound unnatural in a normal statement.

Spanish has two verbs meaning to be: ser and estar.

Here, está is used because full is being treated as a state or condition of the moon tonight, not as its permanent identity.

• La luna está llena = The moon is full
• Using es llena would sound wrong here.

This is a very common pattern:

• estar + adjective for a temporary state or current condition

Because luna is a feminine singular noun.

In Spanish, adjectives usually agree with the noun they describe:

• luna → feminine singular
• llena → feminine singular

Compare:

• el vaso está lleno = the glass is full
• la botella está llena = the bottle is full

So llena matches la luna.

Yes. Lleno / llena literally means full.

So word-for-word, the sentence is roughly:

• La luna = the moon
• está = is
• llena = full
• esta noche = tonight / this night

This is the normal Spanish way to say The moon is full tonight.

Spanish often expresses tonight as esta noche, which literally means this night.

That is the normal everyday phrasing in Spain and elsewhere:

• Nos vemos esta noche = See you tonight
• Hace frío esta noche = It’s cold tonight

Spanish does not have one single everyday word that works exactly like English tonight in all cases, so esta noche is the usual choice.

Because esta is already a determiner.

In Spanish, you normally do not combine the definite article with a demonstrative like this:

• esta noche = this night / tonight

Not:

• la esta noche ✘

This is the same idea as:

• este libro = this book
• esa casa = that house

Está is the third person singular present tense of estar.

That means it goes with singular subjects like:

• él está
• ella está
• la luna está

Full conjugation in the present:

• yo estoy
• tú estás
• él / ella / usted está
• nosotros estamos
• vosotros estáis
• ellos / ellas / ustedes están

Here, la luna is singular, so we use está.

It is the normal order:

• Subject: La luna
• Verb: está
• Adjective/complement: llena
• Time expression: esta noche

Spanish word order is often flexible, but this sentence is very standard and natural.

You could move esta noche for emphasis:

• Esta noche la luna está llena

But the original version is the most neutral.

A Spain Spanish pronunciation would be approximately:

la LOO-na es-TA YEH-na ES-ta NO-che

A few useful notes:

• ll in much of modern Spain is usually pronounced like y
• ch is like English ch in chat
• the stress in está is on the last syllable because of the written accent: es-TÁ

So the natural rhythm is:

La LU-na es-TÁ LLE-na ES-ta NO-che

The accent mark shows where the stress goes:

• está → stress on the final syllable: es-TÁ

It also helps distinguish this verb form from other words that may look similar.

In practice, you should learn está as the normal written form of he/she/it is from estar.

No. That would sound incorrect in standard Spanish.

For the moon being full, Spanish uses:

• La luna está llena

This is one of those expressions you should learn as a fixed pattern.

Yes, lleno / llena can be followed by de when you say what something is full of:

• La botella está llena de agua = The bottle is full of water
• El cielo está lleno de estrellas = The sky is full of stars

But in La luna está llena, llena means full in the special sense of the moon phase, so no de is needed.

It is standard Spanish and understood everywhere.

A speaker from Spain, Mexico, Argentina, Colombia, and other Spanish-speaking places would all understand and use La luna está llena esta noche naturally.

So although you are learning Spanish from Spain, this sentence is not region-specific.