Хозяйка надела на собаку намордник и короткий поводок перед выходом.

Here хозяйка means the female owner of the dog.

This word can mean different things depending on context:

• female owner
• hostess
• landlady

In a sentence about a dog, the natural meaning is the dog's female owner.

Russian shows gender very clearly here:

• хозяйка is a feminine noun
• надела is the feminine past-tense form of the verb

Compare:

• хозяйка надела = a woman put on
• хозяин надел = a man put on

So the sentence specifically tells you the owner is female.

Надела is the past tense of надеть.

It means put on in the sense of placing something onto someone or something.

It is also perfective, so it presents the action as completed:

• надела = put on, finished doing it

If you used the imperfective, you would get something more like:

• надевала = was putting on / used to put on

So надела fits a single completed action before going out.

This is a very common question.

The standard distinction is:

• одеть кого-то = to dress someone
• надеть что-то = to put on something

So:

• одеть ребёнка = dress a child
• надеть на ребёнка шапку = put a hat on the child

In your sentence, the direct objects are намордник and поводок — the items being put on. So надеть is the standard choice.

Colloquially, some native speakers blur this distinction, but learners are usually taught the standard rule above.

Собаку is accusative singular.

After на, Russian often uses:

• accusative for movement onto / direction toward
• prepositional for location

Here the idea is put onto the dog, so Russian uses на собаку.

Compare:

• на собаку = onto the dog
• на собаке = on the dog

So на собаку is the correct choice for the action of placing something onto the dog.

Yes. Russian can also say things like:

• Хозяйка надела собаке намордник.

That uses dative and means something like put a muzzle on the dog.

The two patterns are both possible:

• надеть что-то на кого-то
• надеть кому-то что-то

Very roughly:

• на собаку highlights placement onto the dog
• собаке treats the dog more as the recipient

In practice, both are natural.

They are in the accusative case because they are the direct objects of надела.

However, they look the same as nominative because they are:

• masculine
• singular
• inanimate

So:

• намордник = nominative or accusative
• поводок = nominative or accusative
• короткий also keeps the same form here for masculine inanimate accusative singular

That is why nothing visibly changes.

Only поводок.

Why? Because короткий is singular masculine, and it agrees with поводок:

• короткий поводок = short leash

If it described both nouns together, Russian would need a different structure.

So the sentence means:

• a muzzle and a short leash

not

• a short muzzle and leash

Because на собаку applies to the whole action:

• she put a muzzle and a short leash on the dog

Russian does not need to repeat the phrase when it is clearly shared by both coordinated nouns.

So this is normal:

• надела на собаку намордник и короткий поводок

Repeating it would sound heavy unless you wanted special emphasis.

Literally, it means before the exit or before going out.

In natural English here, it would usually be:

• before going out
• before leaving
• possibly before the walk, depending on context

Russian often uses a noun where English prefers a verb phrase.

So перед выходом is a very normal Russian way to say before going out.

Because the preposition перед normally takes the instrumental case.

So:

• выход = exit / going out
• перед выходом = before going out

This is a good pattern to remember:

• перед домом = in front of the house
• перед встречей = before the meeting
• перед выходом = before going out

The sentence does not spell that out explicitly.

In context, it usually means before going outside with the dog or before leaving the house. Russian often leaves that kind of detail implicit when it is easy to understand from the situation.

So the phrase is slightly general, but not confusing in context.

No. Russian word order is flexible.

This version is natural and neutral:

• Хозяйка надела на собаку намордник и короткий поводок перед выходом.

But you could also say:

• Перед выходом хозяйка надела на собаку намордник и короткий поводок.

That version emphasizes the time phrase a bit more.

The core meaning stays the same.

Because Russian has no articles.

So хозяйка, собака, намордник, and поводок do not directly show:

• the
• a/an

English has to choose based on context.

So depending on context, this could be translated as:

• The owner put a muzzle and a short leash on the dog before going out
• or A female owner put a muzzle and a short leash on a dog before going out

Usually context makes the intended meaning obvious.