Learn Hardcore Russian: Сейчас у меня достаточно времени, чтобы повторить новые слова. - Right now I have enough time to review new words.

Russian usually expresses possession with the construction у + [person in genitive] + есть (or without есть), literally “at me (there is) time”.

У меня (есть) время = “I have time”
У него (есть) книга = “He has a book”

Using я имею время is grammatically possible but sounds very formal or even odd in everyday speech. Иметь is used more in set phrases (e.g. иметь право – “to have the right”) than for simple everyday possession.

So Сейчас у меня достаточно времени… is the natural way to say “Right now I have enough time…”.

Why is there no есть after у меня? Could I say Сейчас у меня есть достаточно времени?

You can say Сейчас у меня есть достаточно времени, and it’s grammatically correct, but in this kind of sentence есть is usually omitted.

Patterns like:

У меня достаточно времени
У меня мало времени
У меня много работы

normally drop есть, because the main “new information” is carried by the quantity word (достаточно, мало, много). Adding есть sounds heavier and is rarely necessary here.

So the most natural version is exactly what you see: Сейчас у меня достаточно времени…

Why is the word order Сейчас у меня достаточно времени, and can I move сейчас?

Word order in Russian is flexible, and several variants are possible here:

Сейчас у меня достаточно времени… – neutral; emphasizes the time frame first: “Right now, I have enough time…”
У меня сейчас достаточно времени… – also neutral; starts with the possessor: “I (for my part) now have enough time…”
У меня достаточно времени сейчас… – possible, but puts a lighter, slightly “afterthought” stress on сейчас.

All three are grammatically correct. The version in your sentence is very standard and natural. The main thing is to keep у меня достаточно времени together as a logical unit.

What exactly does достаточно mean here, and what part of speech is it?

In this sentence достаточно means “enough, sufficient(ly)”.

Grammatically here it behaves like an adverb/quantifier modifying a noun:

достаточно времени – enough time
достаточно денег – enough money
достаточно людей – enough people

Important points:

Достаточно does not change its form (no gender, number, or case endings).
It normally goes with a genitive noun: достаточно времени, достаточно воды, etc.

There is also an adjective достаточный (e.g. достаточное количество – “a sufficient amount”), but in your sentence the adverb-like достаточно is used.

What case is времени, and why is that case used?

Времени is in the genitive singular.

The genitive is used because of the quantifier достаточно. In Russian, many quantity words are followed by the genitive:

много времени – a lot of time
мало денег – little money
сколько людей – how many people
достаточно времени – enough time

So the pattern достаточно + genitive is standard. That’s why it’s времени, not время.

Could I say много времени instead of достаточно времени? What’s the difference?

Yes, you could say:

Сейчас у меня много времени, чтобы повторить новые слова.

The difference in meaning:

достаточно времени – enough time (just sufficient to do the task; focuses on sufficiency)
много времени – a lot of time (emphasizes large quantity, not specifically sufficiency)

If you want to stress that the amount of time is sufficient for the purpose, достаточно времени is the best choice.

What is the function of чтобы in this sentence?

Here чтобы introduces a clause of purpose – it means “in order to / so that”.

Structure:

Сейчас у меня достаточно времени, чтобы повторить новые слова.
= “Right now I have enough time in order to review the new words.”

The main clause: Сейчас у меня достаточно времени
The purpose clause: чтобы повторить новые слова

So чтобы answers the question зачем? – “for what purpose?”

Why is there a comma before чтобы?

The comma marks the boundary between:

the main clause: Сейчас у меня достаточно времени
the subordinate purpose clause: чтобы повторить новые слова

In standard Russian orthography, a comma is required before чтобы when it introduces a subordinate clause:

Я пришёл пораньше, чтобы всё успеть.
Он работает, чтобы обеспечивать семью.

So the comma in your sentence is obligatory.

Why is the verb повторить (perfective) used, and not повторять (imperfective)?

Повторить is perfective; повторять is imperfective.

In this context, perfective повторить is used because the speaker is talking about completing the action within the available time: “enough time to (fully) review the new words (once / as a finished task).”

If you used the imperfective:

Сейчас у меня достаточно времени, чтобы повторять новые слова.

this would suggest time for ongoing / repeated activity (“to be reviewing / to keep reviewing the new words”), not so much a single completed review. It’s not wrong, but it has a slightly different nuance.

For a typical “I have enough time to review them (as a task)”, perfective повторить is exactly right.

Is повторить новые слова an infinitive clause, and who is the subject of that action?

Yes, повторить here is an infinitive, and чтобы повторить новые слова is an infinitive purpose clause.

The understood subject is the same as in the main clause: я.

Full meaning:

Сейчас у меня достаточно времени (мне достаточно времени), чтобы (я мог) повторить новые слова.

Russian often omits the explicit subject in the чтобы + infinitive construction when it’s the same person as in the main clause.

Could I say чтобы я повторил новые слова instead? How would that change the sentence?

Yes, you could say:

Сейчас у меня достаточно времени, чтобы я повторил новые слова.

This is grammatically correct, but stylistically:

чтобы повторить новые слова – more neutral and compact
чтобы я повторил новые слова – sounds more formal / emphatic, with the subject я explicitly stated

You normally use чтобы + past tense finite verb when:

the subject in the subordinate clause is different from the subject/experiencer in the main clause, or
you want to strongly emphasize who is doing the action.

Here the subject is the same (я), so the infinitive version is more common and natural.

What forms are новые and слова, and why are they like that?

слова – nominative or accusative neuter plural of слово (“word”)
новые – adjective in plural accusative (same form as plural nominative), agreeing with слова

Повторить takes a direct object in the accusative, so:

singular: повторить новое слово
plural: повторить новые слова

Thus новые слова is “new words” as a direct object.

Is there any difference between сейчас and теперь here? Could I say Теперь у меня достаточно времени…?

You can say:

Теперь у меня достаточно времени, чтобы повторить новые слова.

Both сейчас and теперь refer to the present, but:

сейчас = “right now, at this moment” (more neutral, can be purely temporal)
теперь = “now (as opposed to before)” and often implies a contrast with the past (“now, unlike earlier”)

In your original sentence, Сейчас у меня достаточно времени… just states the current situation. If you want to stress a change compared to an earlier time (e.g. “Before I didn’t, but now I do”), теперь is a bit more expressive.