Маленький ребёнок начал плакать, когда увидел врача.

The small child started to cry when he saw the doctor.

Breakdown of Маленький ребёнок начал плакать, когда увидел врача.

• маленький: small
• когда: when
• увидеть: to see
• врач: the doctor
• ребёнок: the child
• начать: to start
• плакать: to cry

Questions & Answers about Маленький ребёнок начал плакать, когда увидел врача.

What does маленький ребёнок literally mean, and why is маленький in that form?

Маленький ребёнок literally means “small child” or “little child.”

• Ребёнок = child (grammatically masculine singular, nominative case here, because it’s the subject).
• Маленький = small / little in its masculine singular nominative form, agreeing with ребёнок.

In Russian, adjectives must agree with the noun in:

• gender (masculine / feminine / neuter)
• number (singular / plural)
• case (nominative, accusative, etc.)

So you get:

• маленький ребёнок (masc. sg. nom.) – a small child
• маленькая девочка (fem. sg. nom.) – a small girl
• маленькое окно (neut. sg. nom.) – a small window
• маленькие дети (pl. nom.) – small children

Why is the verb начал in that form? What is the subject, and how does agreement work here?

Начал is the past tense of начать (to begin/start), masculine singular form.

The subject is маленький ребёнок – a grammatically masculine singular noun. In Russian, past tense verbs agree with the subject in:

• gender (masculine / feminine / neuter)
• number (singular / plural)

So:

• ребёнок начал – the child (he) began
• девочка начала – the girl (she) began
• окно начало – the window (it) began
• дети начали – the children (they) began

Because ребёнок is masculine singular, we must use начал.

Why is it начал плакать and not just a single verb like заплакал? What’s the difference?

Both начал плакать and заплакал can be translated as “(he) started to cry”, but there is a nuance:

• начал плакать = began to cry

  • literally: began crying
  • it emphasizes the beginning of an ongoing process.

• заплакал (perfective form of плакать)

  • also means started to cry / burst into tears
  • often feels a bit more compact and can suggest a sudden onset.

In this sentence, Маленький ребёнок начал плакать, когда увидел врача, the writer chose a more analytical construction (начал + infinitive плакать). You could also say:

• Маленький ребёнок заплакал, когда увидел врача.

This is perfectly natural Russian too. The meaning is very close; заплакал is just a single word instead of a verb + infinitive.

Why is плакать in the infinitive form after начал?

After verbs that express beginning, continuing, or finishing an action, Russian typically uses the infinitive.

Common patterns:

• начать / начинать
  • infinitive – to begin to do something
• продолжать
  • infinitive – to continue doing something
• закончить / кончить / перестать
  • infinitive – to stop / finish doing something

So here:

• начал плакать = began to cry
  
  • начал – began
  • плакать – to cry (infinitive)

Other examples:

• Она начала читать. – She began to read.
• Мы перестали говорить. – We stopped talking.

Why is увидел masculine? Could it be увидела or увидело instead?

Увидел is past tense, masculine singular form of увидеть (to see).

In the clause когда увидел врача, the subject is still маленький ребёнок (a grammatically masculine singular noun). Russian does not repeat the noun, but it is understood:

• (Маленький ребёнок) начал плакать, когда (он) увидел врача.

So the correct agreement is:

• он увидел – he saw
• она увидела – she saw
• оно увидело – it saw
• они увидели – they saw

If the subject were feminine, for example:

• Маленькая девочка начала плакать, когда увидела врача.
  Here увидела changes to feminine to agree with девочка.

Why is there no explicit subject pronoun он before увидел?

Russian often omits subject pronouns (я, ты, он, она, мы, вы, они) when the subject is clear from context and verb endings.

In this sentence, the subject ребёнок has already been introduced, and:

• the verb увидел is masculine singular,
• there is no other possible subject.

So Russians naturally drop the pronoun:

• …когда увидел врача. = …when (he) saw the doctor.

If you say когда он увидел врача, it is also correct, just a little more explicit. Both versions are normal; the shorter one is stylistically smooth and common.

What case is врача, and why isn’t it врач?

Врача is the accusative singular form of врач (doctor), but because врач is animate (a person), its accusative singular form looks like the genitive:

• Nominative: врач – the doctor (as subject)
• Accusative (inanimate): same as nominative
• Accusative (animate): same as genitive → врача

After the verb увидеть (to see), the direct object goes in the accusative:

• увидел врача – (he) saw the doctor
• увидел стол – (he) saw the table (inanimate, so accusative = стол)

Because the doctor is a person (animate), we must say врача, not врач.

Could the word order be different, for example Когда увидел врача, маленький ребёнок начал плакать?

Yes, that word order is also correct and natural:

• Маленький ребёнок начал плакать, когда увидел врача.
• Когда увидел врача, маленький ребёнок начал плакать.

Both mean the same thing. Some notes on word order:

• Russian word order is freer than English and is often used to change focus rather than basic meaning.
• Starting with Когда увидел врача… slightly emphasizes the circumstances (the moment of seeing the doctor).

You could also add the pronoun for clarity or emphasis:

• Когда он увидел врача, маленький ребёнок начал плакать.

All of these are acceptable; the difference is mostly stylistic and about what you want to highlight.

Why is it увидел and not видел? What is the aspect difference here?

Видеть (imperfective) vs увидеть (perfective):

• видел – was seeing / used to see / saw (no special focus on the result or moment of seeing)
• увидел – (finally) saw / caught sight of / the act of seeing as a completed event

In the sentence …когда увидел врача, the meaning is “at the moment when he saw the doctor” – a single completed event that triggered his crying. That’s why the perfective увидел is more natural.

If you said когда видел врача, it would sound more like “while he was seeing the doctor / while he was looking at the doctor” – focusing on an ongoing process, which is not what we want here.

Why is когда followed by the past tense here? Is it “when” or “whenever”?

In this sentence, когда + past tense = “when (at the moment that)” in the past:

• …когда увидел врача – when he saw the doctor (on that specific occasion).

You can also use когда with:

• past tense – когда пришёл: when he came (in the past)
• present tense – когда приходит: when(ever) he comes (habitual)
• future – когда придёт: when he comes (in the future)

Here, both actions are in the past:

• начал плакать (past)
• увидел (past)

So когда simply connects two past events, one happening as a reaction to the other.

How should I pronounce ребёнок and врача? Where is the stress and what happens to the vowels?

• Ребёнок – pronounced roughly ree-BYOH-nək

  • Stress on -бён-: ребёнок
  • The unstressed final -ок is reduced; о sounds closer to uh.

• Врача – pronounced roughly vra-CHA

  • Stress on the last syllable: врача́
  • The ч is like English ch in church.

Full sentence pronunciation (simplified):

• Маленький ребёнок начал плакать, когда увидел врача.
  
  • MA-lin’kiy ree-BYOH-nək NA-chəl PLA-kət’, ka-GDA u-VI-dəl vra-CHA.

Remember that in unstressed syllables, о often sounds like a or uh, and many consonants are softened (palatalized) before е, ё, и, ю, я.