Моя подруга ждёт меня на остановке.

Because подруга is a feminine singular noun, and the possessive my has to agree with it.

• мой = my, masculine
• моя = my, feminine
• моё = my, neuter
• мои = my, plural

So:

• мой друг = my male friend
• моя подруга = my female friend

Usually подруга means female friend.

Depending on context, it can sometimes be understood as girlfriend, but Russian more often uses девушка for a romantic girlfriend.

So моя подруга most naturally means my female friend, unless the situation makes a romantic meaning clear.

Ждёт is the 3rd person singular form of ждать (to wait / to wait for).

The subject is моя подруга = my friend, which is she, so the verb must match she:

• я жду = I wait
• ты ждёшь = you wait
• он / она ждёт = he / she waits

So Моя подруга ждёт = My friend is waiting.

The letter ё is always stressed and is pronounced roughly like yo in yonder.

So ждёт is pronounced approximately zhdyot.

That means:

• ждет is often written without the dots in casual writing, but it still means ждёт
• for learners, it is very helpful to remember that the correct spelling is ждёт

Because я means I as the subject, but here the speaker is the object of the verb: my friend is waiting for me.

So Russian uses the object form:

• я = I
• меня = me

Compare:

• Я жду. = I am waiting.
• Она ждёт меня. = She is waiting for me.

For the pronoun я, the form меня can serve as both genitive and accusative.

With ждать, learners are often taught the pattern ждать кого? чего?, and with pronouns you use forms like:

• меня = me
• тебя = you
• его = him
• её = her

So the important practical point is: after ждать, you say ждать меня, not ждать я.

Because на остановке means at the stop, and it answers the question where?

When Russian uses на to show location, the noun usually goes into the prepositional case:

• остановка = stop
• на остановке = at the stop

So the ending changes from -а to -е.

Because Russian distinguishes between location and direction.

• на остановке = at the stop / on the stop in Russian structure, meaning location
• на остановку = to the stop, meaning motion toward it

Here the friend is already waiting there, so it is location, not movement:

• Она ждёт меня на остановке. = She is waiting for me at the stop.
• Она идёт на остановку. = She is going to the stop.

That is just the normal Russian preposition choice. Russian often uses на where English uses at.

So you should learn на остановке as a natural fixed combination meaning at the bus/tram stop.

This is a good example of why prepositions should not always be translated word-for-word.

No. In present-tense Russian, the verb to be is usually omitted.

So:

• Моя подруга ждёт меня literally looks like My friend waits for me
• but in normal English, the natural translation is often My friend is waiting for me

Russian does not need a separate word for is here.

Yes. Russian word order is more flexible than English word order.

This sentence can be rearranged, for example:

• Моя подруга ждёт меня на остановке.
• На остановке моя подруга ждёт меня.
• Меня ждёт моя подруга на остановке.

The basic meaning stays similar, but the emphasis changes:

• sentence-initial на остановке emphasizes the location
• sentence-initial меня emphasizes me

The most neutral order here is the original one.

Correct. Russian has no articles.

So подруга can mean:

• a friend
• the friend
• my friend

The exact meaning comes from context, word order, and modifiers such as моя.

In this sentence, моя подруга clearly means my friend, and English may or may not need the elsewhere depending on context.