Категория транспортного средства и ограничение указаны на водительском удостоверении.

Because it depends on категория.

In Russian, a noun like категория often takes another noun in the genitive to show category of what. So:

• категория транспортного средства = the category of the vehicle
• literally: category (of) transport means/vehicle

Here:

• транспортное средство = vehicle
• in the dictionary form, it is nominative singular
• after категория, it becomes genitive singular: транспортного средства

This is very common in Russian:

• номер паспорта = passport number
• цвет машины = the car’s color
• категория документа = document category

So транспортного средства is not the subject here; it is part of the noun phrase категория транспортного средства.

Because the subject is actually two things joined by и:

• категория транспортного средства
• ограничение

Together they mean:

• the vehicle category and the restriction

When two singular nouns are connected by и, Russian usually uses a plural predicate:

• указаны = are indicated / are listed

Compare:

• Категория указана = The category is indicated.
• Ограничение указано = The restriction is indicated.
• Категория и ограничение указаны = The category and the restriction are indicated.

So the plural form is required because there are two items.

It is a short-form passive participle, and in this sentence it works like the English predicate are indicated or are specified.

The full verb is:

• указать = to indicate, specify, point out

From that verb you get the passive participle:

• full form: указанный = indicated, specified
• short form:
  • указан (masculine)
  • указана (feminine)
  • указано (neuter)
  • указаны (plural)

In official or formal Russian, short-form passive participles are very common:

• Имя указано в документе. = The name is indicated in the document.
• Данные указаны неверно. = The data are indicated incorrectly.

So here указаны is not just a plain active verb like пишут or говорят. It means something like have been indicated / are listed.

Because in Russian, the verb to be is normally omitted in the present tense.

So Russian often says:

• Он студент. = He is a student.
• Документы готовы. = The documents are ready.
• Категория и ограничение указаны... = The category and the restriction are indicated...

In the past or future, forms of to be do appear:

• Категория была указана... = The category was indicated...
• Категория будет указана... = The category will be indicated...

But in the present tense, Russian usually leaves it out.

This is the prepositional case after на, because the phrase describes a location: where the information appears.

• на водительском удостоверении = on the driver’s license

Dictionary form:

• водительское удостоверение = driver’s license / driving licence

After на in the meaning on / at, it becomes prepositional:

• на водительском удостоверении

The adjective changes too:

• водительское → водительском

And the noun changes:

• удостоверение → удостоверении

This is the same pattern as:

• на столе = on the table
• на документе = on the document
• в паспорте = in the passport

Because Russian often uses на for information written on a document, card, sign, label, surface, or official form.

So:

• на водительском удостоверении = on the driver’s license
• на карте = on the card / on the map
• на билете = on the ticket

Sometimes в is also possible with documents, but it can sound more like inside / in the contents of the document rather than physically or officially on it.

For an ID card or license, на is very natural because the information is printed on the document/card itself.

Both can refer to a driver’s license, but they are used differently.

• водительское удостоверение = the official, formal term
• права = the everyday conversational word

So in formal or legal language, you often see:

• водительское удостоверение

In everyday speech, Russians often say:

• права
• for example: У тебя есть права? = Do you have a driver’s license?

In your sentence, the formal term is used because the style is official.

Yes, it is an adjective.

Russian often uses adjectives where English uses a noun + apostrophe or noun modifier.

So:

• водитель = driver
• водительский = driver’s / driving-related

Then:

• водительское удостоверение = driver’s license

Literally, it is something like:

• driver-related identification/document

This pattern is very common:

• студенческий билет = student ID card
• детская книга = children’s book / child’s book
• паспортный стол = passport office

So English often uses a noun, while Russian often prefers an adjective.

Here ограничение means a restriction or limitation listed on the driver’s license.

In the context of driving documents, this could be something like:

• a medical restriction
• the requirement to wear glasses
• limits on what kind of vehicle the person may drive

So the sentence is saying that both:

• the vehicle category
• and the restriction

are shown on the license.

Yes, Russian word order is flexible, although some orders sound more natural depending on style and emphasis.

Your sentence:

• Категория транспортного средства и ограничение указаны на водительском удостоверении.

This is a neutral, formal order.

You could also say:

• На водительском удостоверении указаны категория транспортного средства и ограничение.

This puts more emphasis on where the information is indicated.

Both are grammatical. The choice depends on what the speaker wants to highlight.

In official written Russian, placing the verb toward the end, as in your original sentence, is very common.

Literally, yes, but in natural English the best translation is usually vehicle.

• транспортное средство is a formal Russian term
• in legal or official language, it means vehicle

So in this sentence:

• категория транспортного средства = vehicle category

A very literal translation like category of transport means would sound unnatural in English.

It is one noun phrase built around the main noun категория.

The head word is:

• категория

And транспортного средства just specifies it:

• category of vehicle

So the sentence has two coordinated subject parts:

1. категория транспортного средства
2. ограничение

That is why the predicate is plural:

• указаны

Because it is part of the subject of the sentence.

The full subject is:

• Категория транспортного средства и ограничение

Since these are the things that are indicated, they are in the nominative case.

Only транспортного средства is genitive, because it depends on категория.

So the structure is:

• Категория — nominative
• транспортного средства — genitive
• ограничение — nominative
• указаны — plural predicate

Yes, very formal and official.

Clues that make it sound formal:

• транспортное средство instead of a simpler word like машина
• водительское удостоверение instead of права
• указаны as a short-form passive participle, which is common in official writing

This is the kind of wording you would expect in:

• legal texts
• administrative instructions
• official forms
• regulations

In everyday speech, someone might say something simpler, depending on the exact meaning.