A aluna vidrou a bilha.

Yes. Here A is the feminine singular definite article, so it means the.

• a aluna = the female student
• o aluno = the male student

Portuguese uses articles very naturally before nouns, including subjects, so A aluna is a completely normal way to say the student.

It is the same article again: feminine singular the.

So the sentence has:

• A aluna = the female student
• a bilha = the jug / pitcher

Both nouns are feminine, so both take a.

Because aluna is the feminine form of aluno.

A very common pattern is:

• aluno = male student
• aluna = female student

And the article matches:

• o aluno
• a aluna

This is grammatical gender, and in this case it also matches the person’s natural gender.

Vidrou is the pretérito perfeito simples (simple preterite), 3rd person singular, from the verb vidrar.

So:

• eu vidrei
• tu vidraste
• ele/ela/você vidrou
• nós vidrámos
• vós vidrastes
• eles/elas/vocês vidraram

In this sentence, vidrou means she glazed / she glassed / she made glassy, depending on the meaning you were given.

The infinitive is vidrar.

That is the dictionary form you would look up.

Examples:

• vidrou → past, she ...
• vidrar → to glaze / to glass / to make glassy

Because Portuguese often drops subject pronouns when the verb ending already shows who the subject is.

Here, vidrou already tells you the subject is he/she/you (formal) singular. Since the noun A aluna is present, there is no need for ela.

So Portuguese prefers:

• A aluna vidrou a bilha.

Rather than:

• Ela vidrou a bilha.
  unless the speaker wants emphasis or contrast.

Yes, this sentence follows the basic Subject + Verb + Object order:

• A aluna = subject
• vidrou = verb
• a bilha = direct object

So structurally it is very straightforward for an English speaker.

Portuguese generally uses articles more often than English does.

In a sentence like this, using a before both nouns is the normal choice:

• A aluna
• a bilha

Leaving the article out would usually sound unnatural here unless you were speaking in a very special context, like labels, headlines, or very telegraphic style.

Not always. Vidrar can have different meanings depending on context.

For example, it can refer to:

• glazing something
• making something glass-like
• in some contexts, becoming fixed or transfixed

So if you have already been shown the meaning for this sentence, that context is important. A learner may notice that the verb can be broader than a single English equivalent.

Yes, bilha is a normal Portuguese word, especially in Portugal, for a type of jug, pitcher, or earthenware container, depending on context.

A learner might not see it as often as very basic words like garrafa or copo, but it is perfectly standard.

lh is a very important Portuguese spelling. It represents a sound similar to the lli in some pronunciations of million, though not exactly the same in all accents.

So bilha is roughly:

• BEE-lya (very approximate)

For an English speaker, the key point is:

• lh is not pronounced like ordinary English l + h
• it is a single consonant sound

A rough learner-friendly approximation is:

• a ah-LOO-na vee-DROH a BEE-lya

A few important points for European Portuguese:

• unstressed a often sounds more reduced, closer to uh
• d in vidrou is a normal d
• ou in EP is usually a closed o-type sound, not a strong English ow
• lh in bilha is the special sound explained above

So in real EP speech, it may sound more compressed and less open than an English speaker expects.

Normally, no. In standard Portuguese, you would usually keep the article:

• A aluna vidrou a bilha.

Without a, it sounds incomplete or unnatural in ordinary usage. Portuguese generally wants the article here before a specific countable noun used as the direct object.

Yes, if the context already makes clear who you mean.

• Ela vidrou a bilha. = She glazed the jug.

But if you are introducing the person or identifying her clearly, A aluna is better. Portuguese often alternates between a full noun phrase and a pronoun depending on context.

The grammar is standard across Portuguese, but a European Portuguese learner may especially notice:

• the reduced pronunciation of unstressed vowels
• the commonness of words like bilha in Portugal
• the natural use of articles

So the sentence itself is not uniquely European in grammar, but its pronunciation and vocabulary feel fully compatible with Portuguese from Portugal.