O orçamento pessoal mostra a renda.

O is the masculine singular definite article, meaning the.

It is used because orçamento is:

• masculine
• singular
• a specific noun in the sentence

So o orçamento pessoal = the personal budget.

If you said um orçamento pessoal, that would mean a personal budget instead.

In Portuguese, adjectives usually come after the noun, unlike in English.

So:

• orçamento pessoal = personal budget
• literally: budget personal

This noun + adjective order is very common in Portuguese:

• carro novo = new car
• vida pessoal = personal life
• problema sério = serious problem

Sometimes adjectives can come before the noun, but that usually changes the tone or emphasis. In this sentence, orçamento pessoal is the normal and natural order.

Pessoal is an adjective here, and it agrees with orçamento.

Since orçamento is:

• masculine
• singular

the adjective must also be masculine singular: pessoal

A few useful forms:

• masculine singular: pessoal
• feminine singular: pessoal
• masculine plural: pessoais
• feminine plural: pessoais

So:

• orçamento pessoal
• vida pessoal
• dados pessoais

Notice that the singular form pessoal stays the same for both masculine and feminine.

Because the subject is singular: o orçamento pessoal.

The verb mostrar must agree with the subject:

• eu mostro
• você/ele/ela mostra
• nós mostramos
• eles/elas mostram

Since o orçamento pessoal is a singular thing, the correct form is mostra.

So:

• O orçamento pessoal mostra a renda.
• but Os orçamentos pessoais mostram a renda.

Portuguese often uses definite articles more often than English does.

Here, a renda means the income, referring to income as a known category or concept within a budget.

This sounds natural in Portuguese because the sentence is talking about a specific element that a personal budget shows.

Compare:

• mostra a renda = shows the income
• mostra renda = possible in some contexts, but less natural here and more abstract or less complete-sounding

So in this sentence, a renda is the most natural choice.

Here, renda means income.

It usually refers to money that a person or household receives.

It is different from some related words:

• salário = salary, wages
• renda = income in a broader sense
• receita = revenue or income, often in business/accounting contexts
• ganhos = earnings, gains

So renda is a good word in a personal finance sentence like this one.

Here it means personal.

The word pessoal can have different meanings depending on context:

• as an adjective: personal
• as a noun: staff, personnel, or even people/group in informal Brazilian Portuguese

In orçamento pessoal, it is clearly an adjective describing orçamento, so it means personal.

Yes. Mostra is in the present indicative.

In this sentence, the present tense expresses a general fact or habitual function:

• a personal budget shows income
• it describes what a personal budget does

This is very common in Portuguese, just like in English:

• O mapa mostra a cidade.
• O relatório mostra os resultados.

So the sentence is not necessarily talking about something happening right now at this second. It is stating a general truth or function.

The ç is called cedilha.

In Brazilian Portuguese, ç makes an s sound, so orçamento is pronounced roughly like:

or-sa-MEN-tu

A few pronunciation notes:

• ç = s sound
• the stress falls on men
• the final o in Brazil often sounds close to u, so -to can sound like -tu

So orçamento does not sound like it has a hard k sound.

Compare:

• ca = ka
• ça = sa

You usually should keep the standard order:

• O orçamento pessoal mostra a renda.

This is the most natural structure:

• subject: O orçamento pessoal
• verb: mostra
• object: a renda

You can change the structure, but it may sound more formal, marked, or less natural:

• A renda é mostrada pelo orçamento pessoal.
  This is passive and more formal.
• A renda, o orçamento pessoal mostra.
  Grammatically possible in some contexts for emphasis, but not normal everyday wording.

For a learner, the original version is the best one to use.

Yes, you could.

O orçamento mostra a renda is grammatically correct and means the budget shows the income.

Adding pessoal makes it more specific:

• orçamento = budget
• orçamento pessoal = personal budget

So whether you include pessoal depends on how specific you want to be. If the context is personal finance, orçamento pessoal is clearer.

It would become:

Os orçamentos pessoais mostram a renda.

Here is what changes:

• o → os
• orçamento → orçamentos
• pessoal → pessoais
• mostra → mostram

This is a good example of agreement in Portuguese:

• article agrees with the noun
• adjective agrees with the noun
• verb agrees with the subject