Ten amortyzator jest nowy.

Because amortyzator is a masculine singular noun, and the demonstrative ten has to agree with it in gender and number.

In the nominative singular:

• ten = masculine
• ta = feminine
• to = neuter

So:

• ten amortyzator = correct
• ta amortyzator = incorrect
• to amortyzator = incorrect

Ten is a demonstrative adjective/pronoun, meaning this in this sentence.

It works like English this and changes its form depending on the noun:

• ten samochód = this car
• ta książka = this book
• to okno = this window

Here it modifies amortyzator, so it must match its masculine gender.

In Polish, every noun has a grammatical gender. Amortyzator is grammatically masculine.

A useful clue is that many masculine nouns in the dictionary form end in a consonant, and amortyzator ends in -r.

That does not mean it refers to a male thing. It is just a grammatical category.

Jest is the 3rd person singular form of być = to be.

In this sentence, Polish normally keeps it:

• Ten amortyzator jest nowy.

That is the natural full sentence meaning This shock absorber is new.

You usually cannot omit jest in this kind of standard present-tense sentence. Polish often drops subject pronouns like on or ja, but not the verb to be here.

Because the adjective must agree with the noun.

Amortyzator is masculine singular nominative, so the adjective also takes the masculine singular nominative form:

• masculine: nowy
• feminine: nowa
• neuter: nowe

Examples:

• ten amortyzator jest nowy
• ta część jest nowa
• to koło jest nowe

It is in the nominative case.

That is because amortyzator is the subject of the sentence:

• Ten amortyzator = the thing being talked about

Also, the adjective nowy is in nominative too, because it describes the subject after jest.

Most often, ten means this.

In real Polish, ten can sometimes feel broader than English this, depending on context, and speakers may use it where English might choose that. But for learners, the safest basic meaning is:

• ten / ta / to = this

If you want to be more explicitly like that, Polish often uses words such as tamten, depending on context.

Polish has no articles.

English uses:

• a new shock absorber
• the new shock absorber

Polish usually expresses this without separate words for a or the. Context shows whether something is definite or indefinite.

So:

• amortyzator can mean a shock absorber or the shock absorber
• ten amortyzator makes it more definite: this shock absorber

Yes, Polish word order is more flexible than English, although some orders are more natural than others.

The neutral order here is:

• Ten amortyzator jest nowy.

You may also hear:

• Nowy jest ten amortyzator.
• Ten nowy amortyzator... if you want this new shock absorber

Changing the order usually changes emphasis, not the core meaning. For a learner, the original version is the best standard pattern.

A simple English-friendly approximation is:

a-mor-ti-ZA-tor

The stress in Polish is usually on the second-to-last syllable, so here it falls on za:

• a-mor-ty-ZA-tor

A few pronunciation notes:

• y is not exactly like English ee; it is a harder vowel
• rz in many words sounds like zh as in measure, but here you just need to recognize the standard spelling
• Polish r is trilled or tapped more than in English

Yes. That means The shock absorber is new or A shock absorber is new, depending on context.

Adding ten makes it more specific:

• Amortyzator jest nowy. = The shock absorber is new / A shock absorber is new
• Ten amortyzator jest nowy. = This shock absorber is new

So ten helps point to a particular object.

Usually not, unless you want contrast or emphasis.

In a normal neutral sentence, the whole phrase is said naturally:

• Ten amortyzator jest nowy.

But if you want to contrast it with another one, you might stress ten more:

• TEN amortyzator jest nowy, nie tamten.

That would mean something like THIS shock absorber is new, not that one.

Ten amortyzator means this shock absorber and is grammatically correct because ten agrees with the masculine noun amortyzator.

To amortyzator is different:

• to can be a neuter demonstrative
• but to can also function as this/it in equational sentences, such as To jest amortyzator = This is a shock absorber

So:

• Ten amortyzator jest nowy. = This shock absorber is new.
• To jest amortyzator. = This is a shock absorber.

They are different structures.