Do końca lekcji zostało jeszcze dwadzieścia pięć minut, więc zdążyliśmy omówić wszystkie pytania.

Because do requires the genitive case in Polish.

• koniec becomes końca
• lekcja becomes lekcji

So:

• do końca = until the end / to the end
• do końca lekcji = until the end of the lesson/class

This is a very common pattern:

• do domu = to home
• do pracy = to work
• do końca dnia = until the end of the day

So do końca lekcji literally means to the end of the lesson.

It can mean either, depending on context.

Lekcja most literally means lesson, but in school contexts it often corresponds to class in English. So:

• do końca lekcji can be understood as until the end of the lesson
• or more naturally in some contexts, until the end of class

A learner should know that Polish often uses lekcja where English might prefer class.

This is a very common point of confusion.

In Polish, with numbers 5 and above, the noun usually goes into the genitive plural, and the whole numeral phrase often behaves grammatically like a neuter singular subject for the verb.

So:

• jedna minuta została
• dwie minuty zostały
• trzy minuty zostały
• cztery minuty zostały
• pięć minut zostało
• dwadzieścia pięć minut zostało

That is why:

• zostało dwadzieścia pięć minut = twenty-five minutes remained / there were twenty-five minutes left

This is standard Polish grammar with higher numerals.

Because after numbers ending in 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 0, Polish normally uses the genitive plural form of the noun.

For minuta, the forms are:

• 1 minuta
• 2, 3, 4 minuty
• 5+ minut

So:

• dwie minuty
• cztery minuty
• pięć minut
• dwadzieścia pięć minut

Even though English always uses minutes, Polish changes the noun form according to the number.

Here jeszcze means still or yet.

So:

• zostało jeszcze dwadzieścia pięć minut = there were still twenty-five minutes left

It adds the idea that time was still remaining.

Depending on context, jeszcze can also mean:

• more / another
  
  • jeszcze kawy = some more coffee
• still
  
  • jeszcze pracuję = I am still working
• yet
  
  • jeszcze nie wiem = I do not know yet

In this sentence, still is the best match.

Yes, it is the same verb: zostać. But this verb has several meanings depending on context.

Common meanings of zostać include:

• to become
  
  • został lekarzem = he became a doctor
• to stay / remain
  
  • zostałem w domu = I stayed at home
• to be left / remain
  
  • zostało pięć minut = five minutes were left

In your sentence, it means to remain / to be left.

Więc usually means so, therefore, or thus, depending on style.

In this sentence:

• Do końca lekcji zostało jeszcze dwadzieścia pięć minut, więc...
• There were still twenty-five minutes left until the end of class, so...

In everyday English, so is the most natural translation.

It links the first clause to the result:

• there was enough time left
• so we managed to discuss all the questions

Not exactly. Zdążyliśmy comes from zdążyć, which means to manage to do something in time, to succeed in doing something before it is too late, or to get something done in time.

So:

• zdążyliśmy omówić wszystkie pytania means
  we managed to discuss all the questions in time

It is stronger than simply saying we were on time. It focuses on successfully completing the action before the available time ran out.

A useful pattern is:

• zdążyć + infinitive

Examples:

• Zdążyłem zjeść = I managed to eat in time
• Nie zdążyliśmy przyjść = We did not manage to arrive in time
• Zdążysz to zrobić? = Will you manage to do it in time?

Because omówić is the perfective form, and here the sentence talks about a completed result.

• omawiać = to discuss, to be discussing, to discuss in an ongoing or repeated sense
• omówić = to discuss fully, to cover, to go through completely

Since the sentence says they managed to discuss all the questions, the action is presented as completed. That makes omówić the natural choice.

Also, after zdążyć, Polish often uses a perfective infinitive when the idea is successful completion of an action:

• zdążyliśmy omówić wszystkie pytania

It is in the accusative plural, because it is the direct object of omówić.

The verb omówić takes an object:

• omówić co? = discuss what?

Answer:

• wszystkie pytania = all the questions

For pytania, the nominative plural and accusative plural look the same, because pytanie is a neuter inanimate noun.

So:

• nominative plural: pytania
• accusative plural: pytania

And wszystkie agrees with pytania in case, number, and gender.

Because Polish usually does not need subject pronouns when the verb form already shows who the subject is.

• zdążyliśmy clearly means we managed
• the ending -liśmy tells you the subject is we

So adding my is usually unnecessary:

• zdążyliśmy omówić wszystkie pytania = normal
• my zdążyliśmy omówić wszystkie pytania = possible, but more emphatic

Polish often drops subject pronouns unless they are needed for emphasis or contrast.

Yes. Polish word order is fairly flexible, though different orders can sound more or less natural depending on emphasis.

The given sentence is very natural:

• Do końca lekcji zostało jeszcze dwadzieścia pięć minut, więc zdążyliśmy omówić wszystkie pytania.

But you could also hear variations like:

• Jeszcze zostało dwadzieścia pięć minut do końca lekcji...
• Zostało jeszcze dwadzieścia pięć minut do końca lekcji...

These all mean roughly the same thing, but the original version puts the time frame do końca lekcji first, which is a very natural way to set the scene.

Yes, very common.

Polish often expresses remaining time with:

• zostało X minut do... = X minutes were left until...

Examples:

• Do końca filmu zostało dziesięć minut = There were ten minutes left until the end of the film
• Do egzaminu zostały dwa dni = There were two days left until the exam
• Zostało nam pięć minut = We have five minutes left

So this structure is very useful and worth learning as a whole pattern.

Yes, that is the implication.

Two things suggest completeness:

• wszystkie = all
• omówić = perfective, completed discussion

So the sentence suggests that they had enough time and succeeded in covering all the questions before class ended.

If the speaker wanted to emphasize an ongoing process rather than completion, Polish would likely use a different structure.